Nokea
All of the following are featured by dermal hyperpigmentation except:
- A. Conn's syndrome
- B. Bronchogenic carcinoma
- C. Addison's disease
- D. Haemochromatosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dermal hyperpigmentation, also known as hyperpigmentation of the skin, is commonly associated with conditions such as Addison's disease, hemochromatosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma. In Addison's disease, there is increased production of melanin due to elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates melanocytes. Hemochromatosis can cause hyperpigmentation due to excess iron deposits in the skin. Bronchogenic carcinoma can lead to a condition known as acanthosis nigricans, characterized by dark, velvety discoloration of the skin primarily around the neck and armpits. However, Conn's syndrome, which is a primary aldosteronism resulting from an adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia, is not typically associated with dermal hyperpigmentation.
You may also like to solve these questions
Oxytocin:
- A. is not produced in males.
- B. inhibits lactation.
- C. stimulates smooth muscle contraction.
- D. is produced primarily in the SON in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in both males and females. In females, oxytocin plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, notably during labor and childbirth. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus, causing them to contract during labor (parturition) and helps in the ejection of milk during breastfeeding. This hormone is primarily synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the bloodstream. Overall, oxytocin's main function is to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and the mammary glands.
All of the following would be expected to increase prolactin levels except:
- A. Chest wall trauma
- B. Hyperthyroidism
- C. Pregnancy
- D. Renal failure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prolactin levels can be increased by various factors, including chest wall trauma, pregnancy, and renal failure. However, hyperthyroidism is not typically associated with elevated prolactin levels. In fact, hyperthyroidism is more commonly associated with decreased levels of prolactin due to the inhibitory effect of thyroid hormones on prolactin secretion. Therefore, all of the options except for hyperthyroidism would be expected to increase prolactin levels.
Cushing's syndrome does not give rise to:
- A. Hirsutism
- B. Peripheral neuropathy
- C. Purple striae
- D. Acne
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol hormone. While Cushing's syndrome can manifest with a variety of symptoms, peripheral neuropathy is not a typical feature of this condition. Cushing's syndrome is commonly associated with symptoms such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), purple striae (skin stretch marks that are purple in color), and acne due to the hormonal imbalances it creates. Peripheral neuropathy, which involves damage to the peripheral nerves leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the extremities, is not a characteristic symptom of Cushing's syndrome.
Which of the following statements best describes Cushing's syndrome?
- A. Cushing's syndrome refers to a disease process caused by abnormally high levels of cortisol
- B. Cushing's syndrome refers to a disease process caused by abnormally low levels of aldosterone
- C. Cushing's syndrome refers to a disease process caused by abnormally high levels of aldosterone
- D. Cushing's syndrome refers to a disease process caused by abnormally low levels of cortisol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. When there is an overproduction of cortisol, either due to excessive production by the adrenal glands or prolonged use of corticosteroid medications, it can result in Cushing's syndrome. Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include weight gain, particularly in the face and abdomen, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and irregularities in menstruation. It is important to diagnose and manage Cushing's syndrome to prevent potential complications such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease.
Thyrotoxicosis may be featured by all except:
- A. Myopathy
- B. Pretibial myxoedema
- C. Hypernatraemia
- D. Atrial fibrillation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyrotoxicosis, also known as hyperthyroidism, is a condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis can include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, hyperactivity, and fatigue. While musculoskeletal symptoms such as weakness and tremors are common in thyrotoxicosis, true myopathy (muscle disease) is not a typical feature of the condition. Therefore, myopathy is the correct choice among the given options.