Nokea
Which of the following is not a function of binding proteins?
- A. Bind protein hormones
- B. Bind steroid hormones
- C. Bind thyroid hormones
- D. Mediate hormonal effects
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Binding proteins are essential in transporting hormones through the bloodstream and protecting them from rapid degradation by enzymes. These proteins do not actually mediate the hormonal effects themselves. Hormonal effects are typically mediated by the hormone-receptor interactions at target cells. Binding proteins primarily serve as carriers for hormones and maintain their stability and availability in the circulation.
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Oxytocin:
- A. is not produced in males.
- B. inhibits lactation.
- C. stimulates smooth muscle contraction.
- D. is produced primarily in the SON in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in both males and females. In females, oxytocin plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, notably during labor and childbirth. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus, causing them to contract during labor (parturition) and helps in the ejection of milk during breastfeeding. This hormone is primarily synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the bloodstream. Overall, oxytocin's main function is to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and the mammary glands.
All of the following are potential signs or symptoms of growth hormone deficiency except:
- A. Abnormal lipid profile
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Increased bone mineral density
- D. Left ventricular dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is commonly associated with decreased bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, increased bone mineral density would not typically be a sign or symptom of GHD. On the other hand, abnormal lipid profile, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular dysfunction are all potential signs or symptoms of GHD. Abnormal lipid profile can manifest as increased levels of LDL cholesterol and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, can occur in individuals with GHD due to the impact on lipid metabolism. Left ventricular dysfunction may also be seen in individuals with GHD due to the role of growth hormone in cardiac function and structure.
Commonest cause of 'ambiguous genitalia' in newborn is:
- A. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- B. True hermaphroditism
- C. Testicular ferminisation syndrome
- D. Pseudo-hermaphroditism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in newborns. This condition is due to a deficiency of enzymes in the adrenal gland that are necessary for the production of cortisol. As a result, the body produces excess androgens (masculinizing hormones), leading to abnormal genital development in females. The external genitalia may appear ambiguous, with features of both male and female genitalia. This condition can be detected through newborn screening and confirmed through further hormonal and genetic testing. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to normalize hormone levels and surgery may be required to reconstruct the genitalia.
Hypocalcemia is produced by all except:
- A. Hysterical hypoventilation
- B. Acute pancreatitis
- C. Chronic renal failure
- D. Osteomalacia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteomalacia is a condition in which there is a softening of the bones due to a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium. It is not a cause of hypocalcemia, as it is a result of low levels of calcium in the bloodstream. The other options listed are potential causes of hypocalcemia:
Features of hypoglycaemia do not include:
- A. Drenching sweat
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Tachypnoea
- D. Brisk jerk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypoglycemia is characterized by a low blood sugar level, which can lead to various symptoms. The features of hypoglycemia typically include drenching sweat, tachycardia (increased heart rate), and tachypnea (rapid breathing). A brisk jerk, on the other hand, is not a typical feature of hypoglycemia. Symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, shakiness, hunger, weakness, and irritability are more commonly associated with hypoglycemia than a brisk jerk.