Nokea
All of the following reduces intensity of first heart sound (S1) except
- A. Mechanical ventilation
- B. Calcific mitral stenosis
- C. Short PR interval
- D. LV dysfunction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calcific mitral stenosis typically increases the intensity of the first heart sound (S1).
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Acetazolamide:
- A. Is used in the management of renal tubular acidosis
- B. Causes hypokalaemia
- C. Is usually given intravenously
- D. Inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase: Acetazolamide works by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, reducing the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the kidneys and helping with conditions like glaucoma, metabolic alkalosis, and altitude sickness.
The nurse is talking to a parent of an infant with heart failure about feeding the infant. Which statement about feeding the child is correct?
- A. “You may need to increase the caloric density of your infant’s formula.â€
- B. “You should feed your baby every 2 hours.â€
- C. “You may need to increase the amount of formula your infant eats with each feeding.â€
- D. “You should place a nasal oxygen cannula on your infant during and after each feeding.â€
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The metabolic rate of infants with heart failure is greater because of poor cardiac function and increased heart and respiratory rates. Their caloric needs are greater than those of the average infants, yet their ability to take in the calories is diminished by their fatigue. Infants with heart failure should be fed every 3 hours; a 2-hour schedule does not allow for enough rest, and a 4-hour schedule is too long. Fluids must be carefully monitored because of the heart failure. Infants do not require supplemental oxygen with feedings.
Drug combinations recommended to be avoided include all, except
- A. Metronidazole and Warfarin
- B. Furosemide and Gentamicin
- C. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and beta blockers
- D. Omega-3 and Antiplatelets
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Omega-3 and antiplatelets are not typically a contraindicated combination.
Urinary tract infection:
- A. Usually leads to vesico-ureteric reflux
- B. Is more common in boys than girls under a year of age
- C. In boys,is most commonly caused by Proteus mirabilis
- D. Is associated with constipation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often associated with constipation in children, as stool retention can increase the risk of bacterial colonization in the urinary tract.
Regarding idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP):
- A. The more severe the disease
- B. the faster is the recovery to therapy
- C. Alloimmunisation occurs due to fetomaternal incompatibility
- D. Splenomegaly is a recognised feature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ITP is characterized by low platelet counts due to immune-mediated destruction. Splenomegaly is a recognized feature but the other options are incorrect. Recovery is not necessarily faster with more severe disease alloimmunisation is not a feature of ITP and not all children with platelet counts below 50 000 require hospitalization. IV immunoglobulin is not indicated in all cases.