Nokea
all the following written below are accepted treatment for heart insufficiency except:
- A. corticosteroids
- B. oxygen
- C. digoxin
- D. diuretics except:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Corticosteroids are not typically used in the treatment of heart insufficiency. The mainstay of treatment for heart insufficiency includes medications like oxygen, digoxin, diuretics, and sometimes blood transfusions of packed red blood cells. Corticosteroids are more commonly used to reduce inflammation and immune responses in conditions like asthma, arthritis, and certain autoimmune diseases.
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The developmental age of a child who continues to search for a hidden subject has achieved
- A. 7 months
- B. 9 months
- C. 11 months
- D. 13 months
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object permanence is typically achieved around 9 months.
Which drug class is used to reduce symptoms of muscle weakness from myasthenia gravis?
- A. Anticholinesterase drugs
- B. Adrenergic drugs
- C. Anticholinergic drugs
- D. Beta-blocker drugs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anticholinesterase drugs, such as pyridostigmine, are the primary treatment for myasthenia gravis. These drugs work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is essential for muscle contractions. By increasing the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, anticholinesterase drugs help improve muscle strength and function in individuals with myasthenia gravis. Adrenergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, and beta-blocker drugs are not typically used to treat the symptoms of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis.
A 2-year-old male child has an asymptomatic right flank mass discovered incidentally by the mother while bathing. Suspicion of Wilms tumor is raised. Of the following, the LEAST likely investigation to be performed in this child is
- A. plain abdominal radiography
- B. computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen
- C. CT scan of the chest
- D. biopsy of the mass
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Biopsy is generally avoided in suspected Wilms tumor to prevent upstaging the disease.
when a female carrier of hemophilia marries a male who is free of the disease, the risk to their off spring for each pregnancy is what:
- A. all female children will be carriers of hemophilia
- B. half the male children will have the hemophilia
- C. all male children will have the disease
- D. half the female children will have hemophilia 125
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder, meaning it is carried on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. In this scenario, the female carrier has one X chromosome with the hemophilia gene and one normal X chromosome. When she has children, she has a 50% chance of passing on the X chromosome with the hemophilia gene to her sons. Therefore, half the male children will inherit hemophilia, while half will not. Daughters, on the other hand, have a 50% chance of inheriting the X chromosome with the hemophilia gene but since it is a recessive disorder, they will be carriers of hemophilia rather than having the disease itself.
A 2 years old girl presents with blue discoloration of nails and lips. On examination she is cyanosed and clubbed, heart auscultation reveals a short systolic murmur at left upper sternal border. The most likely diagnosis is?
- A. VSD
- B. Tetralogy of Fallot
- C. Tricuspid atresia
- D. Trunchus arteriosus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tetralogy of Fallot typically causes cyanosis, clubbing, and a systolic murmur due to right-to-left shunting.