Nokea
Although melanoma is relatively rare in children, some risk factors may increase its incidence. All the following are risk factors for development of melanoma EXCEPT
- A. positive family history of melanoma
- B. dark-skinned child
- C. hairy nevus
- D. dysplastic nevus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dark-skinned individuals have a lower risk of melanoma.
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A mother is upset because her newborn has erythema toxicum neonatorum. What information should the nurse base the response to the mother?
- A. Easily treated
- B. Benign and transient
- C. Usually not contagious
- D. Usually not disfiguring
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Erythema toxicum neonatorum is a common benign and transient rash that affects newborns. It typically appears in the first days of life and presents as red or pink blotches with small white or yellow papules in the center. The rash is not harmful, usually resolves on its own within a few days, and does not require treatment. Educating the mother that erythema toxicum neonatorum is a benign and transient condition can help alleviate her concerns and reassure her that it is a normal occurrence in newborns.
Following the American Cancer Society guidelines, the nurse should recommend that the women:
- A. Perform breast self-examination annually
- B. Have a physician conduct a clinical
- C. Have a mammogram annually examination every 2 years
- D. Have a normal receptor assay annually
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The American Cancer Society recommends that women have a mammogram annually, starting at age 45, and then have the option to switch to every two years starting at age 55. This is based on evidence showing that regular mammograms can help detect breast cancer early when it is most treatable. Breast self-examinations are no longer recommended as a routine screening method due to studies showing they do not reduce mortality from breast cancer. Clinical breast exams conducted by a physician are also not recommended for routine screening in average-risk women, as they have not been shown to be effective in reducing breast cancer mortality. Normal receptor assay testing is not a screening test for breast cancer and is used to help determine the best treatment options for diagnosed breast cancer cases.
A child with which of the following diseases may suffer a severe acute reaction to radiotherapy?
- A. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
- B. Neurofibromatosis
- C. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
- D. Ataxia-telangiectasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Children with ataxia-telangiectasia are highly sensitive to radiation and can suffer severe reactions to radiotherapy.
Which of the following communication methods is not an option for a patient following laryngectomy surgery?
- A. Placing a finger over the stoma
- B. Using a picture board
- C. Using a special valve that diverts air into
- D. Learning esophageal speech the oesophagus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Following laryngectomy surgery, the larynx (voice box) is removed, making it impossible for the patient to produce sound for speech. The options listed are alternative communication methods for patients post-surgery, except for using a picture board. Placing a finger over the stoma can help redirect air for speech, using a special valve can help divert air for speech as well, and learning esophageal speech involves speaking by swallowing air into the esophagus and then releasing it to create sound. Picture boards are not a common method of communication for patients following laryngectomy surgery.
Nurse Melanie is teaching an adult class about the different types of hepatitis. Which statement does not pertain to hepatitis A?
- A. "Is caused by an RNA virus of the enterovirus family."
- B. "It spreads primarily by fecal-oral route, usually through the ingestion of infcetd food or liquids."
- C. "It may not be spread from sexual contact."
- D. "Type A hepatitis occurs worldwide, especially in areas with overcrowding and poor sanitation."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Statement A is incorrect because hepatitis A is not caused by an RNA virus of the enterovirus family. Instead, hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family. Hepatitis A is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, usually through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Additionally, hepatitis A can be transmitted through close personal contact and sexual contact. While hepatitis A occurs worldwide, it is more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and overcrowding.