Nokea
An 80-year-old with newly diagnosed PD and a history of memory problems and confusion is best treated with:
- A. Amantadine
- B. Carbidopa/levodopa
- C. Trihexyphenidyl
- D. Ropinirole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carbidopa/levodopa is preferred for elderly patients with cognitive issues, as other medications like anticholinergics can worsen confusion.
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A patient has blindness related to a functional neurological (conversion) disorder. To help the patient eat, the nurse should:
- A. establish a buddy system with other patients who can feed the patient at each meal.
- B. expect the patient to feed himself or herself after explaining the arrangement of the food on the tray.
- C. direct the patient to locate items on the tray independently and feed himself or herself unassisted.
- D. address the needs of other patients in the dining room, and then feed this patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Expecting the patient to feed himself/herself after explaining the arrangement of the food on the tray promotes independence and autonomy.
2. It respects the patient's capabilities and encourages self-reliance, which is important for rehabilitation in functional neurological disorders.
3. Providing clear instructions can help the patient navigate the task despite the blindness, fostering a sense of accomplishment.
4. This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles, prioritizing the patient's dignity and self-care abilities.
Summary of other choices:
A. Establishing a buddy system may not address the patient's need for independence and could potentially undermine their self-esteem.
C. Directing the patient to locate items independently may not be practical or safe given the blindness, and it may lead to frustration.
D. Neglecting the patient's needs in favor of others is not in line with providing individualized care and could compromise patient outcomes.
The diameter of a motor nerve fibre is
- A. 1-2 micrometre
- B. 3-5 micrometre
- C. 5-12 micrometre
- D. 12-20 micrometre
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Motor nerve fibers, such as alpha motor neurons, typically have a diameter of 12-20 micrometers. Larger diameters allow for faster conduction of action potentials.
Nurse Gray is tasked with caring for Mr. Thompson, a client with Parkinson's disease, and is focused on enhancing his nutritional intake and ensuring safe swallowing. Considering the unique needs of Mr. Thompson, what interventions should Nurse Gray prioritize to facilitate effective swallowing and proper nutrition?
- A. Ensuring the client sits in an upright position while eating.
- B. Providing liquids during meals.
- C. Personally feeding the client.
- D. Encouraging the intake of solid foods.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sitting in an upright position while eating helps prevent aspiration and facilitates safe swallowing in PD patients.
Which of the following pathways is not concerned with posture and movement?
- A. Spinocerebellar
- B. Vestibulospinal
- C. Tractus solitarius
- D. ?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The tractus solitarius is involved in taste and visceral sensation, not posture and movement. The spinocerebellar and vestibulospinal tracts are involved in motor coordination and balance.
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ______ while the shallow grooves are termed ______.
- A. sulci; gyri
- B. gyri; sulci
- C. ganglia; gyri
- D. tracts; ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated ridges on the cerebral hemispheres are called gyri, and the shallow grooves are called sulci. Ganglia, tracts, receptors, and effectors are unrelated to these structures. Thus, B is the correct answer.