Nokea
An etiological cause of hospital-acquired infections could be
- A. an opportunistic microorganism
- B. an obligate pathogen
- C. an obligate pathogenic bacterium or virus
- D. all are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hospital-acquired infections can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including opportunistic pathogens and obligate pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. Opportunistic microorganisms take advantage of weakened immune systems in hospital patients, while obligate pathogens are capable of causing infections in healthy individuals. Therefore, all the choices are correct in this context as they represent potential etiological causes of hospital-acquired infections.
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Bacteriological inspection of disinfection quality at a pharmacy revealed a microorganism in an utility room (in the sink). The microorganism has the following properties: mobile nonspore-forming gram- negative bacteria that form capsular substance, grow well on ordinary nutrient media, secrete the blue-green pigment. This microorganism is most likely to be of the following genus:
- A. Pseudomonas
- B. Proteus
- C. Clostridium
- D. Shigella
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas.
Rationale:
1. Mobile nonspore-forming gram-negative bacteria with a capsule substance indicate Pseudomonas.
2. Pseudomonas grow well on ordinary nutrient media, matching the description.
3. The secretion of a blue-green pigment is a characteristic feature of Pseudomonas.
4. Proteus is a gram-negative bacterium but does not match all the given properties.
5. Clostridium is a gram-positive bacterium that forms spores.
6. Shigella is a gram-negative bacterium but does not have the other characteristics mentioned.
Therefore, based on the properties described, the most likely genus of the microorganism is Pseudomonas.
Carious cavities of a 29-year-old patient contain the parasitic protozoa. It is established that they relate to the Sarcodina class. Specify these single-celled organisms:
- A. Entamoeba gingivalis
- B. Entamoeba histolutica
- C. Entamoeba coli
- D. Amoeba proteus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Entamoeba gingivalis. Firstly, it is important to note that Entamoeba gingivalis is commonly found in the oral cavity, specifically in carious cavities. Secondly, Entamoeba gingivalis belongs to the Sarcodina class, which is characterized by their amoeboid movement using pseudopods. This protozoa is associated with oral health issues, particularly in individuals with poor oral hygiene.
Now, let's analyze why the other choices are incorrect:
B: Entamoeba histolutica is known for causing amoebic dysentery, not commonly associated with oral cavities.
C: Entamoeba coli is typically found in the human large intestine, not in oral cavities.
D: Amoeba proteus is a free-living amoeba commonly used in laboratory studies and not typically associated with oral cavity infections.
The causative agent of bacterial dysentery belongs to which of the following genera?
- A. Genus Shigella
- B. Genus Salmonella
- C. Genus Klebsiella
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genus Shigella. Shigella is known to be the causative agent of bacterial dysentery. It invades the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms like severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Salmonella (choice B) typically causes food poisoning, not dysentery. Klebsiella (choice C) is associated with pneumonia and urinary tract infections, not dysentery. "None of the above" (choice D) is incorrect as Shigella does belong to a specific genus responsible for bacterial dysentery.
Which statements is NOT CORRECT: Treponema pallidum can be cultivated on:
- A. Artificial food media
- B. Cell lines
- C. Intratesticular in rabbits
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Artificial food media. Treponema pallidum is a fastidious bacterium that cannot be cultivated on artificial food media due to its complex nutritional requirements. It can be cultivated on cell lines and intratesticular in rabbits. Therefore, option A is incorrect. Option B and C are correct.
The causative agent of typhoid fever is:
- A. Shigella dysenteriae
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Salmonella typhi
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, specifically transmitted through contaminated food and water. Shigella dysenteriae causes bacillary dysentery, Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, and Escherichia coli can cause various gastrointestinal illnesses, but not typhoid fever. Identifying the causative agent is crucial for effective treatment and prevention strategies.