Nokea
An instructor is describing the process of bone development. What would the instructor describe as being responsible for the process of ossification?
- A. Osteoblasts
- B. Cortical bone
- C. Osteoclasts
- D. Cancellous bone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix (mostly collagen), in which inorganic minerals, such as calcium salts, are deposited. This process of ossification and calcification transforms the blast cells into mature bone cells, called osteocytes, which are involved in maintaining bone tissue. Cortical bone is dense hard bone found in the long shafts; cancellous bone is spongy bone found in the irregular rounded edges of bone.
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The nurse is caring for a client who has a deficiency in the formation of cartilage in joints. Which essential substance is absent?
- A. Osteoblasts
- B. Sarcomeres
- C. Matrix
- D. Myofibrils
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cartilage is a firm, dense type of connective tissue that consists of cells embedded in a substance called matrix. The matrix is firm and compact. Cartilage is essential in reducing friction between articular surfaces and absorbs shock. Osteoblasts build bone. Sarcomeres assist in contracting muscle. Skeletal muscles are composed of myofibrils.
The nurse is reporting on the results of client blood work to the oncoming nurse. Upon reviewing the data, the nurse notes that the client has an elevated uric acid level. Which inflammatory process would the nurse screen for on shift rounds?
- A. Inflammation arthritis
- B. Lupus erythematous
- C. Osteoporosis
- D. Gout
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Gout is a medical condition with symptoms of acute inflammatory arthritis that is caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. The client has uric acid crystal deposits in the joint. The nurse would assess joint areas for pain, redness, and swelling. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease of joint inflammation and pain. Lupus erythematosus is a chronic tissue disorder of the connective tissue and is known to have an elevated antinuclear antibody level. Osteoporosis has a deficiency in the serum calcium level.
A client experiences a musculoskeletal injury that involves the structure that connects a muscle to the bone. The nurse understands that this injury involves which structure?
- A. Ligament
- B. Tendon
- C. Cartilage
- D. Joint
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tendons are cordlike structures that attach muscles to the periosteum of the bone. Ligaments consisting of fibrous tissue connect two adjacent, freely movable bones. Cartilage is a firm dense type of connective tissue that reduces friction between articular surfaces, absorbs shock, and reduces the stress on joint surfaces. A joint is the junction between 2 or more bones.
A client is experiencing muscle weakness in the upper extremities. The client raises an arm above the head but then loses the ability to maintain the position. Muscular dystrophy is suspected. Which diagnostic test would evaluate muscle weakness or deterioration?
- A. A serum calcium test
- B. An electromyography
- C. An arthroscopy
- D. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An electromyography tests the electrical potential of muscles and nerves leading to the muscles. It is done to evaluate muscle weakness or deterioration. A serum calcium test evaluates the calcium in the blood. An arthroscopy assesses changes in the joint. An MRI identifies abnormalities in the targeted area.
The nurse is caring for a middle-aged female client who is experiencing premenopausal symptoms. Which client statement indicates the need for further teaching?
- A. I like to take a brisk walk in the morning.
- B. I only drink orange juice fortified with calcium and vitamin D.
- C. Bone resorption slows with aging due to a decrease in estrogen levels.
- D. I like to have a glass of red wine in the evening.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse is correct to clarify that bone resorption occurs more rapidly with aging. In fact, it occurs more rapidly than bone formation. This leads to an increased risk of skeletal fractures. All of the other options are helpful in a client entering menopause.