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An oncology patient will begin a course of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the treatment of bone metastases. What is one means by which malignant disease processes transfer cells from one place to another?
- A. Adhering to primary tumor cells
- B. Inducing mutation of cells of another organ
- C. Phagocytizing healthy cells
- D. Invading healthy host tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Malignant disease processes transfer cells from one place to another primarily through the invasion of healthy host tissues. Cancer cells have the ability to break away from the primary tumor site and invade nearby healthy tissues. Once invasive cancer cells find their way into blood vessels or lymphatics, they can be carried to distant sites in the body where they can form new tumors, establish metastases, and spread the disease. This invasive property of cancer cells underlies the ability of cancer to spread throughout the body, a process known as metastasis. Commanding the cells to appear to adhere to primary tumor cells, inducing mutation of cells of another organ, or phagocytizing healthy cells are not mechanisms by which malignant disease processes transfer cells from one place to another.
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The nurse is caring for a 52-year-old woman whose aunt and mother died of breast cancer. The patient states, My doctor and I talked about Tamoxifen to help prevent breast cancer. Do you think it will work? What would be the nurses best response?
- A. Yes, its known to have a slight protective effect.
- B. Yes, but studies also show an increased risk of osteoporosis.
- C. You wont need to worry about getting cancer as long as you take Tamoxifen.
- D. Tamoxifen is known to be a highly effective protective measure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nurse's best response should be to provide accurate information and manage the patient's expectations realistically. Tamoxifen is known to have a slight protective effect in reducing the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk individuals like the patient in the scenario. However, it is not a guarantee against developing breast cancer. It is essential for the nurse to convey this information to the patient to ensure that she understands the benefits and limitations of Tamoxifen therapy. Additionally, discussing potential side effects and risks associated with Tamoxifen, such as an increased risk of osteoporosis, is important for the patient to make an informed decision about her health care.
An uncircumcised 78-year-old male has presented at the clinic complaining that he cannot retract his foreskin over his glans. On examination, it is noted that the foreskin is very constricted. The nurse should recognize the presence of what health problem?
- A. Bowens disease
- B. Peyronies disease
- C. Phimosis
- D. Priapism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis is tight and cannot be retracted over the glans. It can occur in uncircumcised males, like the 78-year-old male in this scenario. Phimosis may lead to difficulty with hygiene, pain during sexual activity, and an increased risk of infections. Treatment may involve conservative measures such as topical corticosteroids or, in severe cases, surgical intervention like circumcision to alleviate the tightness of the foreskin.
A nurse is discussing the advantages of a nursingclinical information system. Which advantage should the nurse describe?
- A. Varied clinical databases
- B. Reduced errors of omission
- C. Increased hospital costs
- D. More time to read charts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: One of the key advantages associated with a nursing clinical information system is the reduction of errors of omission. By using an electronic system that prompts for required data entry and ensures completeness of documentation, nurses are less likely to miss important information, leading to improved patient care and safety. This advantage helps in promoting efficient communication among healthcare providers and contributes to better decision-making processes.
A patient is in the primary infection stage of HIV. What is true of this patients current health status?
- A. The patients HIV antibodies are successfully, but temporarily, killing the virus.
- B. The patient is infected with HIV but lacks HIV-specific antibodies.
- C. The patients risk for opportunistic infections is at its peak.
- D. The patient may or may not develop long-standing HIV infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During the primary infection stage of HIV, the patient is newly infected with the virus. At this stage, the patient's immune system has not yet produced HIV-specific antibodies, making it difficult to detect HIV infection using standard antibody tests. Instead, the virus can be detected by testing for the presence of HIV RNA or p24 antigen. The primary infection stage is characterized by a high level of viral replication and rapid spread of the virus throughout the body. In this early stage, the patient may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. The absence of HIV-specific antibodies means that the patient is highly infectious and can easily transmit the virus to others. As the infection progresses, the patient will eventually develop HIV-specific antibodies, which can be detected through antibody tests.
A nurse is beginning to use patient-centered careand cultural competence to improve nursing care. Which step should the nurse takefirst?
- A. Assessing own biases and attitude
- B. Learning about the world view of others
- C. Understanding organizational forces
- D. Developing cultural skills
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assessing own biases and attitudes is the first step a nurse should take when beginning to use patient-centered care and cultural competence to improve nursing care. By becoming more aware of one's biases and attitudes about human behavior, the nurse can enhance self-awareness and self-reflection. This self-awareness is vital in understanding one's own perspectives, beliefs, and values that may influence interactions with patients from different cultural backgrounds. It also allows the nurse to identify areas that may require improvement or further education. Understanding and addressing personal biases is fundamental to providing patient-centered care and avoiding potential cultural misunderstandings that may arise in the healthcare setting.