Nokea
Angina is caused by:
- A. Blocking beta1 receptors with a constant binding of noradrenaline
- B. Activating beta2 receptors
- C. Beta1 receptors are not active anymore
- D. Extreme binding of noradrenaline due to up regulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Angina results from myocardial ischemia, often due to excessive demand or reduced supply, which can be exacerbated by upregulated noradrenaline binding increasing heart workload.
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Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease. Menopause is considered a time of imbalance, therefore the Chinese herbalist would prescribe:
- A. Herbs which are yang in nature
- B. Herbs that are yin in nature
- C. Ginger
- D. Golden seal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Menopause is a yin-deficient state (hot flashes), so yin (cooling) herbs are prescribed.
Avoid concurrent administration of exenatide with which of the following drugs?
- A. Digoxin
- B. Warfarin
- C. Lovastatin
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Exenatide delays gastric emptying, potentially affecting absorption of digoxin , warfarin , and lovastatin .
A primary health care provider instructs a nurse to administer a medication to a patient STAT. Which action by the nurse would be most appropriate?
- A. Insist on obtaining a written report before administering any drug.
- B. Administer the drug as ordered by the physician.
- C. Forgo obtaining the physician's order after the drug has been administered.
- D. Document the administration of the drug only after receiving the physician's order.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse should administer the drug as instructed without a written order as it is an emergency. The nurse should, however, ensure that the physician's order is obtained after the drug has been administered. Waiting for a written order during an emergency may exacerbate the patient's condition. The nurse should complete the documentation immediately after the administration of the drug and not wait until the physician's order is received.
Pharmacoeconomics is:
- A. The study of the part of the U.S. economy
- B. The study of the impact of prescription drug costs on the overall economy
- C. The analysis of the costs and consequences of any health-care-related treatment or service
- D. The analysis of the clinical efficacy of the drug
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pharmacoeconomics evaluates costs and outcomes of health-care interventions.
The primary action of loop diuretics is to:
- A. Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
- B. Block aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule.
- C. Increase osmolarity of the renal tubular fluid.
- D. Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.