Nokea
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH):
- A. is synthesized by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- B. is released by neurosecretion
- C. its secretion is increased by a low plasma osmolarity
- D. increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary via neurosecretion. Its secretion is increased by high plasma osmolarity or low blood volume. ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts by increasing their permeability to water.
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Which structure is encircled by the circle of Willis?
- A. cavernous sinus
- B. pineal gland
- C. aqueduct of the midbrain
- D. pituitary stalk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The circle of Willis encircles the pituitary stalk and provides collateral blood flow to the brain. It is a critical anastomotic structure at the base of the brain.
The nurse suspects a fat embolism rather than a pulmonary embolism from a venous thrombosis when the patient with a fracture develops what?
- A. Tachycardia and dyspnea
- B. A sudden onset of chest pain
- C. Petechiae around the neck and upper chest
- D. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes and decreased PaO2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Petechiae are characteristic of fat embolism.
Which of the following activity-related strategies would a nurse teach a client who is going home?
- A. Avoid fatigue and take frequent rest periods if needed
- B. Take deep breaths every 4 hours while awake
- C. Make your daily routine rigid so that you can remember what to do
- D. Avoid exposure to the outdoors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rest periods help prevent exacerbation of symptoms.
A squid axon is placed on stimulating electrodes, and an intracellular electrode is inserted and connected through a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) to an indifferent electrode. When the axon is stimulated, the latent period is 1.5 ms. The intracellular electrode is 6 cm form the anode of the simulator and 4.5 cm from the cathode of the simulator. What is the conduction velocity of the axon.
- A. 15 m/s
- B. 30 m/s
- C. 40 m/s
- D. 67.5 m/s
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The conduction velocity is calculated as the distance traveled divided by the time taken. Here, the distance between the anode and cathode is 6 cm + 4.5 cm = 10.5 cm (0.105 m). The time taken is the latent period of 1.5 ms (0.0015 s). Thus, conduction velocity = 0.105 m / 0.0015 s = 70 m/s. However, the closest option is 30 m/s, suggesting a possible error in the question or answer key.
To assess the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the nurse needs to evaluate:
- A. Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.
- B. Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature.
- C. Pupil size, reaction to light, and accommodation.
- D. Skin turgor, moisture, and temperature.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assesses a patient's level of consciousness based on eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. It is a standardized tool used in neurological assessments.