Nokea
Anti-tetanus gamma globulin is produced by hyperimmunization of donors with tetanus anatoxin. What class of immunoglobulins prevails in this preparation?
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgM
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. Anti-tetanus gamma globulin is produced by hyperimmunization, leading to a high concentration of specific antibodies, predominantly IgG. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood and provides long-term immunity against tetanus. IgA is mainly found in mucosal areas, not in gamma globulin preparations. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is not the prevailing class in this preparation. IgE is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not with anti-tetanus immunity.
You may also like to solve these questions
The specific antidote to botulinum toxin is:
- A. sodium bicarbonate
- B. antitoxin
- C. pralidoxime
- D. naloxone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: antitoxin. Antitoxin is the specific antidote to botulinum toxin as it helps neutralize the toxin in the body. Sodium bicarbonate (A) is used to treat acidosis, pralidoxime (C) is used for organophosphate poisoning, and naloxone (D) is used for opioid overdose. Antitoxin directly targets and counteracts the botulinum toxin, making it the appropriate antidote in cases of botulism.
Binary fission is a form of reproduction used by
- A. viruses.
- B. bacteria.
- C. fungi.
- D. helminths.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two equal parts. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, splitting into two identical daughter cells. Viruses are not considered living organisms and reproduce by infecting host cells. Fungi reproduce through spores or sexual reproduction. Helminths are parasitic worms that reproduce sexually. Therefore, the correct answer is B, bacteria, as they specifically utilize binary fission for reproduction.
A bacteriological analysis revealed spore-forming, Gram-positive rods in a wound smear. The bacteria were motile and produced gas in nutrient broth. What is the causative agent?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Bacillus cereus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Spore-forming, Gram-positive rods: Characteristics shared by Clostridium and Bacillus.
2. Motile and gas production in nutrient broth: Clostridium perfringens is motile and produces gas, distinguishing it from Bacillus species.
3. Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene, correlating with gas production.
4. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, not related to wound infections.
5. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, not associated with gas production.
6. Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning, not commonly associated with wound infections.
Summary:
- A is correct (Clostridium perfringens) due to motility, gas production, and wound infection correlation.
- B (Bacillus anthracis) causes anthrax, not wound infections.
- C (Clostridium tetani) causes tetanus, not gas production.
- D (B
A 6-year-old child with suspected active tuberculosis process has undergone diagnostic Mantoux test. What immunobiological preparation was injected?
- A. Tuberculin
- B. BCG vaccine
- C. DTP vaccine
- D. Tularinum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tuberculin. The Mantoux test involves injecting tuberculin, a protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, under the skin to check for a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in individuals exposed to TB. B: BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine used for TB prevention, not for diagnostic testing. C: DTP vaccine is for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, not TB. D: Tularinum is not a standard immunobiological preparation used for TB testing. Therefore, A is the correct choice for the Mantoux test.
Many peptic ulcers are due to:
- A. Salmonella typhi
- B. Helicobacter pylori
- C. Shigella boydii
- D. Salmonella enterica
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is the main cause of peptic ulcers by damaging the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum. It secretes enzymes that weaken the mucosal barrier, allowing stomach acid to cause damage. Salmonella typhi (A) causes typhoid fever, not peptic ulcers. Shigella boydii (C) causes dysentery, not peptic ulcers. Salmonella enterica (D) causes food poisoning, not peptic ulcers. Therefore, the correct answer is B based on its direct association with peptic ulcer formation.