Nokea
Antibiotics are distributed into following groups:
- A. Blockaders of protein synthesis
- B. Blockaders of cell wall synthesis
- C. Alternators of bacterial cytoplasm
- D. Nothing from above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blockaders of protein synthesis because antibiotics in this group target bacterial ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis. This disrupts bacterial growth and replication. Choice B is incorrect as cell wall synthesis inhibitors target a different bacterial component. Choice C is incorrect as antibiotics do not alter bacterial cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect as antibiotics do fall into different categories based on their mechanism of action.
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Which structure is used by bacteria for movement?
- A. Pili
- B. Flagella
- C. Capsule
- D. Fimbriae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Flagella. Flagella are whip-like appendages used by bacteria for movement. They rotate in a corkscrew motion to propel the bacteria through their environment. Pili (choice A) are hair-like structures used for attachment, not movement. Capsules (choice C) are protective layers around bacteria, not involved in movement. Fimbriae (choice D) are also used for attachment and biofilm formation, not for movement. Therefore, the correct choice is B as flagella are specifically adapted for bacterial motility.
The catarrhal stage of the whooping cough is characterized by:
- A. Decrease in paroxysms of coughing
- B. Subsequent respiratory infection for many months after the onset of pertussis
- C. Uncontrollable coughing followed by a high pitched 'whoop' sound
- D. Mild respiratory symptoms (mild coughing, sneezing or a runny nose)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the catarrhal stage of whooping cough is characterized by mild respiratory symptoms such as mild coughing, sneezing, or a runny nose. During this stage, the cough may start to worsen but is not yet severe.
A: Incorrect - Decrease in paroxysms of coughing is not seen in the catarrhal stage; it occurs later in the paroxysmal stage.
B: Incorrect - Subsequent respiratory infection for many months after the onset of pertussis is not a characteristic of the catarrhal stage.
C: Incorrect - Uncontrollable coughing followed by a high pitched 'whoop' sound is typical of the paroxysmal stage, not the catarrhal stage.
The prokaryotic cell does not possess:
- A. Ribosomes
- B. Endoplasmic reticulum
- C. Chromosome
- D. Peptidoglycan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, which is present in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes do possess ribosomes for protein synthesis (A), a chromosome (C) for genetic material, and peptidoglycan (D) in their cell walls. The absence of endoplasmic reticulum is a key characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.
A patient complained about a carbuncle on his face. Examination results: neither dense nor painful edema of subcutaneous cellular tissue, there is black crust in the middle of the carbuncle and peripheral vesicular rash around it. Bacteriological examination revealed presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation. What microorganisms are causative agents of this disease?
- A. Bacillus antracis
- B. Staptylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus anthracoides
- D. Bacillus megaterium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacillus anthracoides.
1. The patient's symptoms align with cutaneous anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis.
2. Presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation matches the characteristics of Bacillus anthracis.
3. Symptoms such as black crust, peripheral vesicular rash, and non-painful edema are classic for cutaneous anthrax.
4. Choice A: Bacillus antracis is a misspelling, not a valid option.
5. Choice B: Staphylococcus aureus does not match the symptoms described in the scenario.
6. Choice D: Bacillus megaterium is not associated with cutaneous anthrax.
The structure used for bacterial motility is:
- A. Fimbriae
- B. Capsule
- C. Flagella
- D. Pili
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flagella. Flagella are the structures used for bacterial motility, allowing bacteria to move towards or away from stimuli. They are long, whip-like appendages that rotate to propel the bacteria. Fimbriae (A) are short, hair-like structures used for attachment, not movement. Capsules (B) are protective layers surrounding bacteria. Pili (D) are used for adherence and conjugation, not motility. In summary, flagella are specifically designed for bacterial movement, making them the correct choice.