Nokea
The presence of microbes in or on the body is a(n):
- A. infection
- B. contamination
- C. adhesion
- D. disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: adhesion. Adhesion refers to the attachment of microbes to surfaces in or on the body without causing harm. Infections (choice A) occur when microbes invade and multiply in the body, leading to harmful effects. Contamination (choice B) refers to the presence of unwanted or potentially harmful substances, not necessarily microbes. Disease (choice D) is a state of poor health caused by a specific agent, such as microbes, resulting in identifiable symptoms. In this context, adhesion best describes the presence of microbes without causing harm or leading to an infection.
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Which structure is used by bacteria for movement?
- A. Pili
- B. Flagella
- C. Capsule
- D. Fimbriae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Flagella. Flagella are whip-like appendages used by bacteria for movement. They rotate in a corkscrew motion to propel the bacteria through their environment. Pili (choice A) are hair-like structures used for attachment, not movement. Capsules (choice C) are protective layers around bacteria, not involved in movement. Fimbriae (choice D) are also used for attachment and biofilm formation, not for movement. Therefore, the correct choice is B as flagella are specifically adapted for bacterial motility.
Enriched growth media:
- A. Belong to the minimal media and inhibit the development of gram+ cocci
- B. Support the development of the target bacteria groups without suppressing the growth of other microorganisms
- C. Are intended for the cultivation of only one microbial species
- D. Support the development of target bacteria groups and suppress the development of other microorganisms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because enriched growth media provide essential nutrients that support the growth of target bacteria groups without inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms. This allows for the selective cultivation of specific microbes while still allowing for the growth of other organisms present in the sample. Choice A is incorrect because enriched media do not belong to minimal media and do not inhibit the development of gram+ cocci. Choice C is incorrect because enriched media can support the growth of multiple microbial species. Choice D is incorrect because enriched media do not suppress the development of other microorganisms but rather provide nutrients to support their growth alongside the target bacteria groups.
Acne is caused by:
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Propionibacterium acnes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Propionibacterium acnes. This bacterium plays a key role in acne formation by colonizing hair follicles, leading to inflammation and acne lesions. It produces fatty acids that contribute to the development of acne. Staphylococcus aureus (A) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (B) are not directly linked to acne. Streptococcus pyogenes (C) is associated with skin infections but not acne. In summary, Propionibacterium acnes is the primary bacterium responsible for acne due to its ability to induce inflammation and follicular blockages.
A patient complained about a carbuncle on his face. Examination results: neither dense nor painful edema of subcutaneous cellular tissue, there is black crust in the middle of the carbuncle and peripheral vesicular rash around it. Bacteriological examination revealed presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation. What microorganisms are causative agents of this disease?
- A. Bacillus antracis
- B. Staptylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus anthracoides
- D. Bacillus megaterium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacillus anthracoides.
1. The patient's symptoms align with cutaneous anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis.
2. Presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation matches the characteristics of Bacillus anthracis.
3. Symptoms such as black crust, peripheral vesicular rash, and non-painful edema are classic for cutaneous anthrax.
4. Choice A: Bacillus antracis is a misspelling, not a valid option.
5. Choice B: Staphylococcus aureus does not match the symptoms described in the scenario.
6. Choice D: Bacillus megaterium is not associated with cutaneous anthrax.
Antibiotics are distributed into following groups:
- A. Blockaders of protein synthesis
- B. Blockaders of cell wall synthesis
- C. Alternators of bacterial cytoplasm
- D. Nothing from above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blockaders of protein synthesis because antibiotics in this group target bacterial ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis. This disrupts bacterial growth and replication. Choice B is incorrect as cell wall synthesis inhibitors target a different bacterial component. Choice C is incorrect as antibiotics do not alter bacterial cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect as antibiotics do fall into different categories based on their mechanism of action.