Nokea
The bacteria responsible for anthrax is:
- A. Bacillus anthracis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium is known to cause anthrax, a serious infectious disease in humans and animals. Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces toxins leading to the characteristic symptoms of anthrax. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, none of which are related to anthrax. Therefore, based on the specific pathogen responsible for anthrax, Bacillus anthracis is the correct answer.
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Which bacterium is responsible for causing pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults. It is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is known for its ability to infect the respiratory tract and cause inflammation in the lungs leading to pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, not pneumonia. Escherichia coli is associated with urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal illnesses, not pneumonia. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a severe form of food poisoning, but not pneumonia. Therefore, the correct choice is Streptococcus pneumoniae as it is specifically known for causing pneumonia.
Gram-positive spore-forming bacilli were extracted in anoxic environment from the patient's wound contaminated with soil. Cultivation on a blood-glucose agar resulted in growth of the colonies surrounded with hemolysis zone. What agent was extracted from the wound?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming bacillus commonly found in soil. It produces hemolysis on blood agar, as described in the question. Clostridium botulinum is also a gram-positive spore-forming bacillus, but it does not typically cause hemolysis. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive cocci, not a bacillus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium, not a gram-positive spore-forming bacillus.
The class of immunoglobulins most abundant in body is:
- A. IgG
- B. IgE
- C. IgD
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. IgG is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins in the body, constituting about 75% of total immunoglobulins. IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity, neutralizing toxins, and enhancing phagocytosis. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, IgD is mainly found on B cells and functions as a receptor, and IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection but is less abundant compared to IgG. Therefore, IgG is the correct choice based on its abundance and diverse functions in the immune system.
A man died from an acute disease characterized by fever, jaundice, hemorrhagic rash, and acute renal insufficiency. Histological examination revealed spiral bacteria shaped like 'C' and 'S' letters. Identify the pathogen.
- A. Leptospira
- B. Treponema
- C. Borrelia
- D. Spirochaeta
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leptospira. Leptospira is a spiral-shaped bacterium that causes a disease known as leptospirosis, characterized by fever, jajsondice, hemorrhagic rash, and renal insufficiency. The characteristic spiral shape of the bacteria, resembling 'C' and 'S' letters, is a key identifying feature. Leptospira is commonly associated with contaminated water sources and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or water.
Summary of other choices:
B: Treponema - Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, which does not typically present with the combination of symptoms described in the question.
C: Borrelia - Borrelia species are associated with Lyme disease and relapsing fever, but do not match the specific symptoms and histological appearance described in the question.
D: Spirochaeta - Spirochaeta is a genus of bacteria, but specific species within
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing gonorrhea?
- A. Chlamydia trachomatis
- B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- C. Treponema pallidum
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium is responsible for causing gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted bacterium that infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract. It is known for causing symptoms such as painful urination and discharge. Chlamydia trachomatis (choice A) is another sexually transmitted bacterium but is not responsible for gonorrhea. Treponema pallidum (choice C) causes syphilis, not gonorrhea. Escherichia coli (choice D) is a common bacterium found in the gut and is not associated with causing gonorrhea. Therefore, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the correct answer for this question.