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At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.
- A. 3, the 'good boy/good girl' orientation
- B. 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
- C. 5, the social contract orientation
- D. 6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: '5, the social contract orientation.' At Kohlberg's Stage 5, individuals begin to question their own social order and focus on principles of justice and fairness. This stage emphasizes the importance of social contracts and agreements based on mutual benefit. Choice A is incorrect as the 'good boy/good girl' orientation is characteristic of Stage 3. Choice B, the social-order-maintaining orientation, does not align with the description provided in the question. Choice D, the universal ethical principle orientation, is associated with Stage 6, where individuals act based on self-chosen ethical principles.
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What is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers?
- A. Vitamin supplementation
- B. Number of hours of sleep
- C. Dieting in adolescence
- D. Frequency of family meals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The frequency of family meals is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers. Research indicates that regular family meals provide structure, promote positive eating behaviors, and offer opportunities for modeling healthy food choices. Vitamin supplementation (Choice A) may be beneficial but is not as strongly linked to healthy eating habits as family meal frequency. The number of hours of sleep (Choice B) is important for overall health but is not as directly associated with healthy eating behaviors in teenagers. Dieting in adolescence (Choice C) can sometimes lead to unhealthy eating patterns and is not necessarily linked to consistently healthy food choices.
According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________.
- A. mistrust
- B. isolation
- C. inferiority
- D. role confusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that during adolescence, individuals face the conflict of identity vs. role confusion. If this conflict is resolved negatively, adolescents experience role confusion. Role confusion occurs when adolescents fail to develop a clear sense of identity, leading to uncertainty about their future roles. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they correspond to earlier stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (mistrust corresponds to infancy, isolation to early adulthood, and inferiority to middle childhood), not adolescence.
According to the lifespan perspective, _______ is supreme in its impact on the life course.
- A. the prenatal period
- B. early childhood
- C. adolescence
- D. no age period
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: According to the lifespan perspective, no single period is considered supreme in its impact on the life course. Each stage of life, from prenatal period through adulthood, plays a significant role in shaping an individual's development. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D: no age period.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the lifespan perspective emphasizes that all stages are important and contribute uniquely to an individual's life course.
Which factor disrupts the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism?
- A. Self-regulation
- B. Frequent eating out
- C. Reduced sleep
- D. Using screen media
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Reduced sleep is the correct answer as it affects hormones that regulate hunger and metabolism, leading to increased appetite and weight gain. Self-regulation is not directly related to the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism. Frequent eating out may impact food choices and portion sizes but is not specifically linked to disrupting the brain's regulation. Using screen media can affect sleep patterns but is not as directly related to the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism as reduced sleep.
Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's _______ stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years.
- A. sensorimotor
- B. preoperational
- C. concrete operational
- D. formal operational
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: concrete operational. During the concrete operational stage, children start to engage in logical thinking about concrete events. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 to 11 years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The sensorimotor stage (choice A) is the first stage in Piaget's theory, occurring from birth to about 2 years old. The preoperational stage (choice B) follows the sensorimotor stage and occurs roughly from ages 2 to 7 years. The formal operational stage (choice D) is the final stage in Piaget's theory, where abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning develop, usually beginning around age 11.