Nokea
At which relative exercise intensity would you expect to utilize the most intramuscular triglycerides?
- A. 25% VO2 max (i.e. 25% of aerobic capacity)
- B. 65% VO2 max
- C. 85% VO2 max
- D. 150% VO2 max
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (65% VO2 max) because at this intensity, the body primarily uses a combination of fats and carbohydrates for energy production. Intramuscular triglycerides are a source of fat utilized during moderate-intensity exercise. At 25% VO2 max (choice A), the body predominantly uses carbohydrates, while at 85% VO2 max (choice C) and 150% VO2 max (choice D), the reliance shifts towards carbohydrates due to the higher intensity levels. Therefore, option B is the most suitable intensity for utilizing intramuscular triglycerides efficiently.
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Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
- A. esophageal hiatus
- B. cardiac orifice
- C. upper esophageal sphincter
- D. lower esophageal sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: esophageal hiatus. This is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes, connecting the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The esophageal hiatus is specifically located at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cardiac orifice refers to the opening of the stomach into the esophagus, not where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
C: Upper esophageal sphincter is a muscular valve at the upper end of the esophagus, not related to its passage through the diaphragm.
D: Lower esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, not at the point where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
Salivary secretion is stimulated by
- A. the salivary nucleus only.
- B. the salivary nucleus and gastrin.
- C. gastrin only.
- D. the salivary nucleus and local reflexes in the tunica mucosa and submucosa.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Salivary secretion is stimulated by the salivary nucleus in the brainstem and local reflexes in the tunica mucosa and submucosa of the oral cavity. The salivary nucleus receives input from higher brain centers and initiates the salivary reflex. Local reflexes in the oral cavity, such as mechanical stimulation of the mucosa, also trigger salivary secretion. Gastrin, as mentioned in option B and C, is not directly involved in the stimulation of salivary secretion. Option A is incorrect as salivary secretion is not solely stimulated by the salivary nucleus. Option D encompasses the comprehensive stimulation pathways involved in salivary secretion.
A client is admitted to the hospital for a hemorrhoidectomy. Postoperatively, which of the following would a client's nurse be most concerned about?
- A. Pain at the incision site
- B. White blood count of 6.5
- C. Client's refusal of a stool softener
- D. Excessive bloody drainage on the external gauze dressing
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because excessive bloody drainage on the external gauze dressing could indicate hemorrhage, a serious complication post-hemorrhoidectomy. This requires immediate medical attention to prevent further complications.
A: Pain at the incision site is expected postoperatively and can be managed with pain medication.
B: A white blood count of 6.5 is within the normal range and not a cause for concern.
C: Client's refusal of a stool softener is important for bowel movement management but is not the most immediate concern compared to excessive bloody drainage.
The three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands are:
- A. parotid sublingual and ethmoidal
- B. Parotid buccal and submaxillary
- C. Parotid sub mandibular and buccal
- D. Parotid Submandibular and sublingual
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the extrinsic salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The parotid gland is located near the ear, the submandibular gland is under the mandible, and the sublingual gland is under the tongue.
A is incorrect because the ethmoidal gland is not an extrinsic salivary gland. B is incorrect because the buccal gland is not an extrinsic salivary gland. C is incorrect because the buccal gland is not an extrinsic salivary gland; it is a minor salivary gland located in the cheek.
By the time food leaves the stomach it is:
- A. a creamy paste called chyme.
- B. rolled into a bolus.
- C. ready to be mixed with pepsin for protein digestion.
- D. None of the above.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a creamy paste called chyme. After food enters the stomach, it gets mixed with gastric juices and enzymes, forming a semi-liquid substance known as chyme. This chyme is then slowly released into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. Option B is incorrect as food is not rolled into a bolus in the stomach but rather churned into chyme. Option C is incorrect as pepsin, an enzyme for protein digestion, is already present in the stomach and starts working on digesting proteins before the food leaves the stomach. Option D is incorrect as chyme is the accurate description of the partially digested food leaving the stomach.