Nokea
What test will be done before prescribing treatment for the patient with positive testing for HCV?
- A. Anti-HCV
- B. HCV RNA quantitation
- C. HCV genotyping
- D. Recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: HCV genotyping. Before prescribing treatment for a patient with positive HCV testing, genotyping is essential to determine the specific strain of HCV present. This information guides treatment decisions as different HCV genotypes respond differently to antiviral medications. Anti-HCV (choice A) is used for initial screening but does not provide genotype information. HCV RNA quantitation (choice B) measures viral load but does not identify the genotype. Recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) (choice D) is an older confirmatory test and is not typically used for initial treatment decision-making.
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A client with proctitis needs a rectal suppository. A senior nursing student assigned to this client tells you that she is afraid to insert the suppository because she has never done it before. What is the most appropriate action in supervising this student?
- A. You give the medication and report the student to the instructor.
- B. Ask the student to leave the clinical area for being unprepared.
- C. Reassign the client to an LPN/LVN.
- D. Show the student how to insert the suppository and talk to the instructor.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. Supervising students is part of the nursing role.
2. As a tutor, your responsibility is to guide and teach students.
3. Showing the student how to insert the suppository will help build their skills and confidence.
4. Talking to the instructor ensures proper supervision and support for the student's learning.
5. Reporting or dismissing the student is not constructive and goes against the principles of education and mentorship.
A patient receives atropine, an anticholinergic drug, in preparation for surgery. The nurse expects this drug to affect the GI tract by doing what?
- A. Increasing gastric emptying
- B. Relaxing pyloric and ileocecal sphincters
- C. Decreasing secretions and peristaltic action
- D. Stimulating the nervous system of the GI tract
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decreasing secretions and peristaltic action. Atropine, as an anticholinergic drug, inhibits the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased secretions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract. This results in reduced motility and secretion production.
A: Increasing gastric emptying - This is incorrect because atropine actually slows down gastric emptying by reducing peristaltic action.
B: Relaxing pyloric and ileocecal sphincters - This is incorrect because atropine does not directly relax these sphincters.
D: Stimulating the nervous system of the GI tract - This is incorrect because atropine inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to decreased GI tract activity.
Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
- A. esophageal hiatus
- B. cardiac orifice
- C. upper esophageal sphincter
- D. lower esophageal sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: esophageal hiatus. This is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes, connecting the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The esophageal hiatus is specifically located at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cardiac orifice refers to the opening of the stomach into the esophagus, not where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
C: Upper esophageal sphincter is a muscular valve at the upper end of the esophagus, not related to its passage through the diaphragm.
D: Lower esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, not at the point where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone
- A. gastrin.
- B. pepsinogen.
- C. histamine.
- D. secretin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Parasympathetic stimulation triggers the release of gastrin from endocrine cells in the stomach. Gastrin plays a key role in promoting gastric acid secretion and stimulating gastric motility. This hormone is essential for regulating digestion.
Incorrect choices:
B: Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is not released by endocrine cells in the stomach.
C: Histamine is released by mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, not endocrine cells in the stomach.
D: Secretin is released by the S cells in the duodenum in response to low pH in the small intestine, not by endocrine cells in the stomach.
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
- A. Break down carbohydrates
- B. Break down proteins
- C. Emulsify fats
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Break down proteins. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps to activate pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. This process is essential for proper digestion of proteins. Choice A is incorrect because carbohydrates are broken down by amylase enzymes in the mouth and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect because emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine with the help of bile. Choice D is incorrect as hydrochloric acid plays a significant role in the digestion of proteins in the stomach.