Nokea
One of the major functions of bile salts is to
- A. break down fat to fatty acids and glycerol.
- B. emulsify fat to fatty droplets.
- C. break down fat to cholesterol and lecithin.
- D. emulsify fats to bilirubin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because bile salts emulsify fat into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This aids in fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect as bile salts do not directly break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Choice C is incorrect as bile salts do not break down fats into cholesterol and lecithin. Choice D is incorrect as bile salts do not emulsify fats to bilirubin, but rather help in the digestion of fats.
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What occurs during swallowing?
- A. All the processes of Deglutition are under voluntary control.
- B. The vocal folds are relaxed allowing the food to travel down the oesophagus
- C. The swallowing centre located within the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory centre
- D. The food bolus travels down the oesophagus due to gravity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during swallowing, the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory center to prevent aspiration. This coordination ensures that breathing is temporarily halted to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all processes of deglutition are under voluntary control, the vocal folds actually close to protect the airway during swallowing, and the movement of the food bolus down the esophagus is facilitated by peristalsis rather than gravity.
The nurse monitors the laboratory results of the patient with protein-calorie malnutrition during treatment. Which result is an indication of improvement in the patient's condition?
- A. Decreased lymphocytes
- B. Increased serum transferrin
- C. Increased serum potassium
- D. Decreased serum prealbumin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because an increase in serum transferrin levels indicates improvement in protein-calorie malnutrition as transferrin is a protein that binds and transports iron, which is essential for various body functions. When protein intake increases, transferrin levels also increase to support iron transport.
A: Decreased lymphocytes do not directly reflect improvement in protein-calorie malnutrition.
C: Increased serum potassium is not specific to improvement in protein-calorie malnutrition.
D: Decreased serum prealbumin levels indicate ongoing malnutrition, not improvement.
A male patient who has undergone an anterior-posterior repair is worried about his sexuality. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for this patient?
- A. Have the patient's sexual partner reassure the patient that he is still desirable.
- B. Reassure the patient that sexual function will return when healing is complete.
- C. Remind the patient that affection can be expressed in ways other than through sexual intercourse.
- D. Explain that physical and emotional factors can affect sexual function but not necessarily the patient's sexuality.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Choice C is correct because it acknowledges the patient's concerns about sexuality post-surgery.
2. Reminding the patient that affection can be expressed in non-sexual ways validates his feelings.
3. It promotes open communication and offers alternative ways to maintain intimacy during the healing process.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Involving the sexual partner may add pressure and may not address the patient's personal insecurities.
B. Promising a return to normal sexual function may create false expectations and overlook emotional aspects.
D. Focusing on physical and emotional factors may downplay the patient's specific concerns about his sexuality.
Which of the following are liver waste products?
- A. bilirubin
- B. bile salts
- C. cholesterol
- D. electrolytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste product produced during the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver. It is excreted in bile and gives feces its brown color. Bile salts aid in digestion, cholesterol is a lipid used for various functions, and electrolytes are essential for bodily functions but are not liver waste products. Therefore, bilirubin is the only true liver waste product in this list.
Priority Decision: A postoperative patient has a nursing diagnosis of pain related to effects of medication and decreased GI motility as evidenced by abdominal pain and distention and inability to pass flatus. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this patient?
- A. Ambulate the patient more frequently.
- B. Assess the abdomen for bowel sounds.
- C. Place the patient in high Fowler's position.
- D. Withhold opioids because they decrease bowel motility.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Ambulating the patient more frequently helps to stimulate GI motility, reduce abdominal distention, and promote passage of flatus. Movement aids in peristalsis, which can alleviate postoperative GI issues.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Assessing bowel sounds is important but does not directly address the issue of stimulating GI motility or addressing the patient's pain and distention.
C: Placing the patient in a high Fowler's position may improve respiratory function but does not specifically target GI motility or pain relief.
D: Withholding opioids may be necessary in some cases, but pain management is crucial for postoperative care. There are other ways to address decreased GI motility without completely withholding pain medications.