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Which of the following is a common risk factor for gallstones?
- A. High-fat diet
- B. Advanced age
- C. Gender (female)
- D. Family history of gallbladder disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gender (female). Women have a higher risk of developing gallstones due to hormonal factors, such as estrogen increasing cholesterol levels in bile. This imbalance can lead to gallstone formation. Advanced age (B) is a risk factor but not as common as gender. While a high-fat diet (A) can contribute to gallstone formation, it is not a primary risk factor. Family history (D) can increase the likelihood of gallstones, but it is not as common as being female.
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Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system will cause which one of the following effects in the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
- A. nothing, because skeletal muscle is found in the walls of these areas
- B. increases peristalsis by stimulation of smooth muscle
- C. decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle
- D. decreases peristalsis by stimulation of smooth muscle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle. The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gastrointestinal motility by decreasing peristalsis. This is achieved through the release of norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells, leading to reduced contraction and motility. Choices A and B are incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system can still affect smooth muscle, not just skeletal muscle. Choice D is incorrect because sympathetic stimulation does not directly increase peristalsis.
A tumor producing large amounts of the intestinal hormone GIP may result in:
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Intestinal colic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is released in response to food intake to stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Excessive GIP production from a tumor can result in excessive insulin release, causing hypoglycemia. This is why the correct answer is hyperglycemia. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the physiological effects of GIP.
A peristaltic rush which results in a failure to absorb enough colon water results in _____.
- A. constipation
- B. diarrhea
- C. cramps
- D. flatus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: diarrhea. A peristaltic rush causes rapid movement of contents through the intestines, leading to decreased absorption time in the colon. This results in excess water in the stool, leading to watery and loose bowel movements, which is characteristic of diarrhea. Constipation (A) is the opposite, with slow movement and difficulty passing stool. Cramps (C) may occur due to increased muscle contractions but are not directly related to water absorption. Flatus (D) is the passage of gas and not related to water absorption in the colon.
A patient receives atropine, an anticholinergic drug, in preparation for surgery. The nurse expects this drug to affect the GI tract by doing what?
- A. Increasing gastric emptying
- B. Relaxing pyloric and ileocecal sphincters
- C. Decreasing secretions and peristaltic action
- D. Stimulating the nervous system of the GI tract
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decreasing secretions and peristaltic action. Atropine, as an anticholinergic drug, inhibits the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased secretions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract. This results in reduced motility and secretion production.
A: Increasing gastric emptying - This is incorrect because atropine actually slows down gastric emptying by reducing peristaltic action.
B: Relaxing pyloric and ileocecal sphincters - This is incorrect because atropine does not directly relax these sphincters.
D: Stimulating the nervous system of the GI tract - This is incorrect because atropine inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to decreased GI tract activity.
By the time food leaves the stomach it is:
- A. a creamy paste called chyme.
- B. rolled into a bolus.
- C. ready to be mixed with pepsin for protein digestion.
- D. None of the above.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a creamy paste called chyme. After food enters the stomach, it gets mixed with gastric juices and enzymes, forming a semi-liquid substance known as chyme. This chyme is then slowly released into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. Option B is incorrect as food is not rolled into a bolus in the stomach but rather churned into chyme. Option C is incorrect as pepsin, an enzyme for protein digestion, is already present in the stomach and starts working on digesting proteins before the food leaves the stomach. Option D is incorrect as chyme is the accurate description of the partially digested food leaving the stomach.