Nokea
Which of these enzymes is responsible for the digestion of lipids?
- A. Amylase
- B. Pepsin
- C. Lipase
- D. Trypsin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lipase. Lipase is responsible for the digestion of lipids because it breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase (A) digests carbohydrates, Pepsin (B) digests proteins, and Trypsin (D) also digests proteins but in the small intestine. Lipase is the only enzyme that specifically targets lipids for digestion, making it the correct choice in this scenario.
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Which of these cells in the stomach secrete mucus?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucous neck cells. These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment and aid in lubrication. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin. Mucous neck cells are specifically responsible for mucus secretion in the stomach, making them the correct choice.
Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system will cause which one of the following effects in the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
- A. nothing, because skeletal muscle is found in the walls of these areas
- B. increases peristalsis by stimulation of smooth muscle
- C. decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle
- D. decreases peristalsis by stimulation of smooth muscle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle. The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gastrointestinal motility by decreasing peristalsis. This is achieved through the release of norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells, leading to reduced contraction and motility. Choices A and B are incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system can still affect smooth muscle, not just skeletal muscle. Choice D is incorrect because sympathetic stimulation does not directly increase peristalsis.
Which statement about intestinal 'brakes' and 'accelerators' is FALSE?
- A. Dietary starch is a potent stimulator of small intestinal motility because it causes insulin release from the pancreas
- B. Food in the stomach causes gastrin release, which stimulates acid secretion
- C. Short-chain fatty acids which move from colon to caecum (reflux) promote ileo-caecal motility
- D. The arrival of lipid in the duodenum causes an immediate reduction in motility and a switch from the 'fasting' to the 'feeding' pattern.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because dietary starch does not cause insulin release from the pancreas, but rather stimulates the release of incretin hormones like glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These incretins help regulate blood sugar levels postprandially and do not directly affect intestinal motility.
Incorrect choices:
B: Food in the stomach causing gastrin release is true and stimulates acid secretion.
C: Short-chain fatty acids moving from colon to caecum promoting ileo-caecal motility is true.
D: The arrival of lipid in the duodenum causing a reduction in motility is true.
What is the role of the villi in the small intestine?
- A. secreting digestive enzymes
- B. absorbing nutrients
- C. producing bile
- D. producing mucus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: absorbing nutrients. Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients. They contain blood vessels and lacteals that absorb nutrients like glucose and amino acids. Villi do not secrete digestive enzymes (choice A), produce bile (choice C), or produce mucus (choice D). Digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas and bile is produced by the liver. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the intestine.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who has gastroesophageal reflux disease. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. The type of foods I eat does not affect this condition.'
- B. I will sleep on my left side.'
- C. I will eat a snack just before going to bed.'
- D. I will sleep with the head of my bed elevated.'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Elevating the head of the bed helps prevent acid reflux by keeping the stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus while sleeping. This position helps gravity keep the acid in the stomach. Choice A is incorrect because certain foods can indeed trigger or worsen GERD symptoms. Choice B is incorrect as sleeping on the left side may worsen symptoms due to the position of the stomach. Choice C is incorrect as eating right before bed can increase the risk of acid reflux.