Nokea
What is the function of bile salts?
- A. emulsifying fats
- B. breaking down carbohydrates
- C. activating pepsin
- D. digesting proteins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: emulsifying fats. Bile salts help emulsify fats by breaking them into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act upon during digestion. This aids in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because bile salts do not have a direct role in breaking down carbohydrates (choice B), activating pepsin (choice C), or digesting proteins (choice D). These functions are carried out by other digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.
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A tumor producing large amounts of the intestinal hormone GIP may result in:
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Intestinal colic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is released in response to food intake to stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Excessive GIP production from a tumor can result in excessive insulin release, causing hypoglycemia. This is why the correct answer is hyperglycemia. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the physiological effects of GIP.
What occurs during swallowing?
- A. All the processes of Deglutition are under voluntary control.
- B. The vocal folds are relaxed allowing the food to travel down the oesophagus
- C. The swallowing centre located within the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory centre
- D. The food bolus travels down the oesophagus due to gravity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during swallowing, the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata inhibits the medullary respiratory center to prevent aspiration. This coordination ensures that breathing is temporarily halted to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all processes of deglutition are under voluntary control, the vocal folds actually close to protect the airway during swallowing, and the movement of the food bolus down the esophagus is facilitated by peristalsis rather than gravity.
At which relative exercise intensity would you expect to utilize the most intramuscular triglycerides?
- A. 25% VO2 max (i.e. 25% of aerobic capacity)
- B. 65% VO2 max
- C. 85% VO2 max
- D. 150% VO2 max
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (65% VO2 max) because at this intensity, the body primarily uses a combination of fats and carbohydrates for energy production. Intramuscular triglycerides are a source of fat utilized during moderate-intensity exercise. At 25% VO2 max (choice A), the body predominantly uses carbohydrates, while at 85% VO2 max (choice C) and 150% VO2 max (choice D), the reliance shifts towards carbohydrates due to the higher intensity levels. Therefore, option B is the most suitable intensity for utilizing intramuscular triglycerides efficiently.
By the time food leaves the stomach it is:
- A. a creamy paste called chyme.
- B. rolled into a bolus.
- C. ready to be mixed with pepsin for protein digestion.
- D. None of the above.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a creamy paste called chyme. After food enters the stomach, it gets mixed with gastric juices and enzymes, forming a semi-liquid substance known as chyme. This chyme is then slowly released into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients. Option B is incorrect as food is not rolled into a bolus in the stomach but rather churned into chyme. Option C is incorrect as pepsin, an enzyme for protein digestion, is already present in the stomach and starts working on digesting proteins before the food leaves the stomach. Option D is incorrect as chyme is the accurate description of the partially digested food leaving the stomach.
Which of these cells in the stomach secrete mucus?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucous neck cells. These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment and aid in lubrication. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin. Mucous neck cells are specifically responsible for mucus secretion in the stomach, making them the correct choice.