Nokea
Which of the following is synthesized and stored in the liver cells?
- A. Galactose
- B. Lactose
- C. Glycogen
- D. Arabinose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glycogen. Glycogen is synthesized and stored in liver cells as a form of glucose storage for energy. The liver plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage. Galactose (A) is a sugar found in milk and is metabolized in the liver, but it is not synthesized or stored there. Lactose (B) is a disaccharide found in dairy products and is broken down into glucose and galactose in the intestine, not synthesized or stored in the liver. Arabinose (D) is a sugar found in plants but is not synthesized or stored in the liver.
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Gastrin secretion will stop when the stomach pH reaches _____.
- A. 7
- B. 4.5
- C. 1.5
- D. 3
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 3. Gastrin secretion is stimulated by low pH levels in the stomach. When the stomach pH drops below 3, gastrin secretion is triggered to increase stomach acid production. Once the stomach pH reaches around 3, a negative feedback mechanism is activated to stop gastrin secretion and prevent excessive acid production. Choices A (7), B (4.5), and C (1.5) are incorrect because gastrin secretion is actually inhibited by higher pH levels, not when the pH reaches neutral (7), slightly acidic (4.5), or extremely acidic (1.5) levels. The key here is to understand the physiological response of gastrin secretion to pH levels in the stomach.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone
- A. gastrin.
- B. pepsinogen.
- C. histamine.
- D. secretin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Parasympathetic stimulation triggers the release of gastrin from endocrine cells in the stomach. Gastrin plays a key role in promoting gastric acid secretion and stimulating gastric motility. This hormone is essential for regulating digestion.
Incorrect choices:
B: Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is not released by endocrine cells in the stomach.
C: Histamine is released by mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, not endocrine cells in the stomach.
D: Secretin is released by the S cells in the duodenum in response to low pH in the small intestine, not by endocrine cells in the stomach.
If the oesophageal muscles are not working:
- A. Swallowing in the upright position is not affected because of gravity
- B. Water swallowing is not affected
- C. There will be dysphagia to solids and liquids
- D. There will be frequent attacks of vomiting
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because if the oesophageal muscles are not working, dysphagia to solids and liquids would occur. This is because the muscles are responsible for peristalsis, which is the wave-like contractions that push food down the esophagus. Choice A is incorrect because gravity alone cannot compensate for muscle dysfunction. Choice B is incorrect as water swallowing also requires proper muscle function. Choice D is incorrect as vomiting is not directly related to oesophageal muscle dysfunction.
A patient has been receiving high doses of corticosteroids for an extended perioWhich side effect is most commonly seen in patients receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy?
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Decreased appetite
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. Long-term corticosteroid therapy can lead to insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. This occurs due to the corticosteroids interfering with insulin action and glucose metabolism. Hyperglycemia is a common side effect that can potentially lead to diabetes. Bradycardia (B), diarrhea (C), and decreased appetite (D) are not commonly associated with long-term corticosteroid therapy. Bradycardia is more commonly associated with medications such as beta-blockers, while diarrhea and decreased appetite are not typical side effects of corticosteroids.
A patient calls the clinic to report a new onset of severe diarrheWhat should the nurse anticipate that the patient will need to do?
- A. Collect a stool specimen.
- B. Prepare for colonoscopy.
- C. Schedule a barium enema.
- D. Have blood cultures drawn.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. Stool specimen collection helps identify the cause of diarrhea (e.g., infection).
2. It assists in determining appropriate treatment.
3. It helps rule out serious conditions.
4. Colonoscopy (B) and barium enema (C) are invasive procedures not typically indicated for acute diarrhea.
5. Blood cultures (D) are not the first-line investigation for diarrhea without systemic signs of infection.