Nokea
Atropine has the following side effects EXCEPT:
- A. Dry mouth
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Blurred vision
- D. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diarrhea. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that typically causes dry mouth, tachycardia, and blurred vision as side effects due to its mechanism of blocking acetylcholine receptors. However, diarrhea is not a common side effect of atropine. It is important to differentiate the expected side effects of a drug from those that are not commonly associated with it based on its pharmacological actions.
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Excess insulin is most apt to cause:
- A. ketosis.
- B. hypoglycemia.
- C. hypertension.
- D. diuresis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess insulin leads to increased glucose uptake by cells, causing a drop in blood sugar levels, resulting in hypoglycemia. This can lead to symptoms like confusion, sweating, and weakness. Ketosis (A) is caused by low insulin levels, hypertension (C) is not directly related to excess insulin, and diuresis (D) is more commonly associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus.
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.
- A. diabetes mellitus
- B. cellular inhibition
- C. down-regulation
- D. metabolism of protein kinases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: down-regulation. Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can lead to down-regulation, where cells decrease their responsiveness to the hormone by reducing the number of hormone receptors. This is a regulatory mechanism to prevent overstimulation.
A: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, usually caused by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, not directly related to prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
B: Cellular inhibition is a broad term that may refer to various cellular processes being inhibited, but it is not a specific phenomenon resulting from prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
D: Metabolism of protein kinases is a cellular process involved in signal transduction, but it is not a direct consequence of prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.
- A. blocking the action of growth hormone
- B. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
- C. antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin
- D. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the parathyroid glands target the bone and activate osteoclasts to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process helps maintain adequate blood calcium levels. By activating osteoclasts, calcium is released from the bone into the blood, ensuring a balance of calcium levels.
A: Blocking the action of growth hormone is unrelated to the function of parathyroid glands in maintaining blood calcium levels.
C: Antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin is not the primary mechanism through which parathyroid glands regulate blood calcium levels.
D: Slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity would not help maintain adequate blood calcium levels as it does not address the direct release of calcium from bone by activating osteoclasts.
The posterior pituitary gland receives hormone messages from the hypothalamus via ________.
- A. a capillary network
- B. neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
- C. Schwann cells
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. This communication is facilitated by specialized neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. These neurons release hormones into the bloodstream, which then reach the posterior pituitary gland and stimulate the release of its stored hormones. Choice A is incorrect because the posterior pituitary does not directly receive messages through a capillary network. Choice C is incorrect as Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating peripheral nerves, not hormone communication. Choice D is incorrect because while the hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland through neurons, it does not involve a capillary network.
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________.
- A. TH
- B. ACTH
- C. GH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TH (Thyroid Hormone). TH is the only amine hormone that acts like a steroid because it is derived from an amino acid but functions similarly to steroid hormones by entering target cells and binding to intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. ACTH, GH, and ADH are peptide hormones that do not act like steroids. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, GH stimulates growth, and ADH regulates water balance in the body.