Nokea
Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?
- A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
- B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
- C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
- D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because blood vessels in the gut are not innervated by the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system primarily regulates gut motility, secretion, and blood flow, but it does not innervate blood vessels. The myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, making choice B correct. Parasympathetic supply to the gut comes from the vagus nerve and sacral nerves, supporting choice C. Sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibers, making choice D accurate. Therefore, A is incorrect as the enteric nervous system does not innervate blood vessels in the gut.
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Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?
- A. peristalsis
- B. weak antiperistalsis
- C. peristaltic rushes
- D. tonic contractions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peristaltic rushes. Peristaltic rushes are abnormal and excessive contractions that can result in diarrhea or bowel urgency. In normal health, peristalsis (A) is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles that moves contents along the digestive tract. Weak antiperistalsis (B) refers to reverse contractions that are weaker than normal peristalsis. Tonic contractions (D) are sustained contractions that help maintain muscle tone and control flow. Therefore, peristaltic rushes are the only option that does not occur in normal health due to their abnormal and disruptive nature.
Which of the following should the nurse advise a client with diabetes insipidus in order to reduce fluid loss?
- A. Remain in air-conditioned areas during hot and humid weather
- B. Avoid any activity
- C. Emphasize compliance with drug therapy
- D. Avoid a high-protein diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Emphasizing compliance with drug therapy, such as desmopressin, is critical to reduce fluid loss in clients with diabetes insipidus.
The posterior pituitary stores and releases:
- A. Growth hormone and prolactin.
- B. Prolactin and oxytocin.
- C. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- D. ADH and growth hormone.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and ADH, also known as vasopressin. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection, while ADH regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the posterior pituitary does not store or release growth hormone or prolactin.
Atropine has the following side effects EXCEPT:
- A. Dry mouth
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Blurred vision
- D. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diarrhea. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that typically causes dry mouth, tachycardia, and blurred vision as side effects due to its mechanism of blocking acetylcholine receptors. However, diarrhea is not a common side effect of atropine. It is important to differentiate the expected side effects of a drug from those that are not commonly associated with it based on its pharmacological actions.
What is the hormone produced by adipose tissue which signals satiety?
- A. melatonin
- B. leptin
- C. thymosins
- D. glucagons
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leptin is the correct answer because it is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety to the brain, helping regulate energy balance and food intake. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, not hunger. Thymosins are involved in immune function. Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, not related to satiety.