Nokea
The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________.
- A. pancreatic hormones
- B. steroid hormones
- C. catecholamines
- D. pituitary gland hormones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: steroid hormones. Steroid hormones are known to regulate gene expression by binding to specific receptors and influencing transcription processes. They can directly affect the transcription of new messenger RNA in the cell. Pancreatic hormones (A), catecholamines (C), and pituitary gland hormones (D) are not directly involved in the transcription of new messenger RNA. Pancreatic hormones primarily regulate blood sugar levels, catecholamines are involved in the fight-or-flight response, and pituitary gland hormones regulate various functions such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
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In relation to noradrenaline, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
- A. It stimulates α and β receptors
- B. It decreases heart rate
- C. It decreases blood pressure
- D. Causes vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
- Noradrenaline stimulates both α and β receptors, leading to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction.
- It does not decrease heart rate; it actually increases heart rate due to its actions on β receptors.
- Noradrenaline causes vasoconstriction by activating α receptors, leading to increased blood pressure.
- The incorrect statement is C, as noradrenaline actually increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
Steroids:
- A. are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
- B. include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
- C. stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger, cAMP.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroids include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which are hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance, and androgens are male sex hormones.
Choice A is incorrect because steroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Choice C is incorrect because steroids act by entering the target cells and binding to intracellular receptors, not by stimulating second messengers like cAMP. Choice D is incorrect because steroids are not secreted by the pancreas; instead, the pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon.
Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________.
- A. diabetes
- B. suppression of cancer
- C. giantism in children
- D. acromegally in adults
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess growth hormone suppresses cancer by promoting healthy cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis. Diabetes can result from growth hormone excess due to insulin resistance. Giantism in children and acromegaly in adults are both caused by excess growth hormone stimulating excessive skeletal and soft tissue growth. Therefore, the correct answer is B because excess growth hormone does not suppress cancer; it actually promotes cell growth and proliferation.
The home care nurse should intervene to correct a patient whose insulin administration includes
- A. warming a prefilled refrigerated syringe in the hands before administration.
- B. storing syringes prefilled with NPH and regular insulin needle-up in the refrigerator.
- C. placing the insulin bottle currently in use in a small container on the bathroom countertop.
- D. mixing an evening dose of regular insulin with insulin glargine in one syringe for administration.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin glargine should never be mixed with other insulins. This could alter its action and effectiveness.
Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:
- A. are all secreted by the adrenal gland.
- B. expand blood volume.
- C. raise blood glucose levels.
- D. stimulate osteoclastic activity.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: raise blood glucose levels. Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine all work together to increase blood glucose levels through various mechanisms. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, growth hormone promotes gluconeogenesis, cortisol increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glucose uptake, and epinephrine triggers glycogen breakdown and inhibits insulin release. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all of these hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland, they do not directly expand blood volume, and they do not stimulate osteoclastic activity, respectively.