Nokea
A man has been searching for an aphrodisiac or some other agent to enhance 'sexual performance' discovers yohimbine. He consumes the drug in excess and develops symptoms of toxicity that require your intervention. Which of the following should you expect as a response to this drug?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Bronchoconstriction
- C. Excessive secretions by exocrine glands (salivary, lacrimal, etc.)
- D. Hypertension
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypertension. Yohimbine is a known alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist, leading to increased sympathetic activity and consequently, hypertension. This occurs due to increased norepinephrine release and vasoconstriction. Bradycardia (A) is unlikely as yohimbine usually causes tachycardia. Bronchoconstriction (B) is not a common effect of yohimbine. Excessive secretions by exocrine glands (C) are not associated with yohimbine toxicity.
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Which of the following hormones come from anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
- A. Inhibin
- B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- C. Triiodothyronine
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: b
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Inhibin is produced in the ovaries and testes, not the pituitary gland. Triiodothyronine is a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland, not the pituitary gland. Oxytocin is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, not the anterior lobe. Therefore, the correct answer is B because it is the hormone that originates from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT:
- A. catalyze cyclic AMP
- B. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
- C. enter the nucleus
- D. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Steroids are lipid-soluble molecules, allowing them to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells.
Step 2: Once inside the cell, steroids can enter the nucleus to bind to specific receptors and regulate gene expression.
Step 3: Steroids do not catalyze cyclic AMP; this function is typically associated with non-steroid hormones like adrenaline.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A because steroids do not catalyze cyclic AMP, unlike other hormones.
Adrenaline can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
- B. Increases cardiac contractility
- C. Increases intestinal motility
- D. Increases sweat secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response. It causes bronchial muscle relaxation (A), increases cardiac contractility (B), and increases sweat secretion (D) to prepare the body for action. However, adrenaline inhibits intestinal motility (C) to conserve energy for vital functions during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is C because adrenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Relaxation of bronchial muscle, increased cardiac contractility, and increased sweat secretion are all effects of adrenaline, making choices A, B, and D incorrect, respectively.
Which of the following hormones helps conserve water during dehydration?
- A. Atrial natriuretic peptide
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer because it acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of sodium and water, helping conserve water during dehydration. Atrial natriuretic peptide promotes sodium excretion, oxytocin is involved in labor and milk ejection, and thyroxine regulates metabolism.
Which drug is most likely to cause muscle tremor:
- A. Ipratropium
- B. Terbutaline
- C. Atenolol
- D. Nicotinic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Terbutaline. Terbutaline is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator. It can stimulate beta-2 receptors in skeletal muscle, leading to muscle tremors as a common side effect. Ipratropium (A) is an anticholinergic bronchodilator and typically does not cause muscle tremors. Atenolol (C) is a beta-blocker and is not associated with muscle tremors. Nicotinic acid (D) is used to treat dyslipidemia and does not commonly cause muscle tremors. Therefore, Terbutaline is the most likely drug to cause muscle tremor among the options provided.