Nokea
Which system works closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions?
- A. nervous system
- B. immune system
- C. circulatory system
- D. respiratory system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions through the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information rapidly, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The immune system (B) protects the body from infections, the circulatory system (C) transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and the respiratory system (D) is responsible for gas exchange. However, these systems do not directly coordinate with the endocrine system in the same way the nervous system does.
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A man has been searching for an aphrodisiac or some other agent to enhance 'sexual performance' discovers yohimbine. He consumes the drug in excess and develops symptoms of toxicity that require your intervention. Which of the following should you expect as a response to this drug?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Bronchoconstriction
- C. Excessive secretions by exocrine glands (salivary, lacrimal, etc.)
- D. Hypertension
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypertension. Yohimbine is a known alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist, leading to increased sympathetic activity and consequently, hypertension. This occurs due to increased norepinephrine release and vasoconstriction. Bradycardia (A) is unlikely as yohimbine usually causes tachycardia. Bronchoconstriction (B) is not a common effect of yohimbine. Excessive secretions by exocrine glands (C) are not associated with yohimbine toxicity.
The posterior pituitary stores and releases .
- A. prolactin and oxytocin
- B. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- C. ADH and growth hormone
- D. growth hormone and prolactin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
1. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and ADH.
2. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions and milk ejection.
3. ADH regulates water balance by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Therefore, B is the correct answer.
A, C, and D are incorrect because prolactin, growth hormone, and other hormones are not stored or released by the posterior pituitary.
The pituitary gland is related laterally to:
- A. The cavernous sinus
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Diaphragma sellae
- D. Optic chiasma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
Step 2: The cavernous sinus is a venous sinus located on each side of the sella turcica.
Step 3: The pituitary gland lies laterally to the cavernous sinus.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: The cavernous sinus.
Summary: B is incorrect as the hypothalamus is superior to the pituitary gland. C is incorrect as the diaphragma sellae is a part of the dura mater covering the pituitary gland. D is incorrect as the optic chiasma is located superior to the pituitary gland.
The antagonistic hormone to aldosterone is ____.
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
- B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- C. cortisol.
- D. glucagon.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH). ANH opposes the actions of aldosterone by promoting salt and water excretion, thus reducing blood volume and blood pressure. ANH is released in response to high blood pressure or high blood volume.
B: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not the antagonistic hormone to aldosterone; it acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance.
C: cortisol is a stress hormone and is not directly involved in regulating sodium and water balance.
D: glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels and is not related to the regulation of aldosterone.
A patient with diabetes insipidus is treated with nasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). The nurse determines that the drug is not having an adequate therapeutic effect when the patient experiences
- A. Headache and weight gain.
- B. A urine specific gravity of 1.002.
- C. Nasal irritation and nausea.
- D. An oral intake greater than urinary output.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If the drug is not effective, the patient's urine specific gravity will remain low (1.002), indicating continued inability to concentrate urine.