Nokea
Atropine:
- A. Is a competitive neuromuscular blocker
- B. Induces bradycardia
- C. Stimulates GIT motility and secretion
- D. Produces mydriasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors.
Step 2: Blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye leads to dilation of the pupil, known as mydriasis.
Step 3: Therefore, the correct answer is D, as atropine indeed produces mydriasis.
Summary: A is incorrect because atropine is not a neuromuscular blocker. B is incorrect as atropine actually induces tachycardia. C is incorrect as atropine inhibits GIT motility and secretion.
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The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.
- A. blocking the action of growth hormone
- B. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
- C. antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin
- D. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the parathyroid glands target the bone and activate osteoclasts to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process helps maintain adequate blood calcium levels. By activating osteoclasts, calcium is released from the bone into the blood, ensuring a balance of calcium levels.
A: Blocking the action of growth hormone is unrelated to the function of parathyroid glands in maintaining blood calcium levels.
C: Antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin is not the primary mechanism through which parathyroid glands regulate blood calcium levels.
D: Slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity would not help maintain adequate blood calcium levels as it does not address the direct release of calcium from bone by activating osteoclasts.
Excessive eating despite plenty of glucose in the blood is called:
- A. acidosis.
- B. polyuria.
- C. polydipsia.
- D. polyphagia.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: polyphagia. Polyphagia is the medical term for excessive eating despite adequate glucose levels in the blood, commonly seen in conditions like diabetes mellitus. This excessive hunger is due to the body's inability to use glucose effectively, leading to a constant feeling of hunger.
A: Acidosis refers to an excess of acid in the blood, not related to excessive eating.
B: Polyuria is excessive urination, not directly related to excessive eating.
C: Polydipsia is excessive thirst, also not directly related to excessive eating.
In summary, polyphagia is the correct term for excessive eating despite adequate glucose levels, while the other choices are unrelated to this specific symptom.
Excess insulin is most apt to cause:
- A. ketosis.
- B. hypoglycemia.
- C. hypertension.
- D. diuresis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess insulin leads to increased glucose uptake by cells, causing a drop in blood sugar levels, resulting in hypoglycemia. This can lead to symptoms like confusion, sweating, and weakness. Ketosis (A) is caused by low insulin levels, hypertension (C) is not directly related to excess insulin, and diuresis (D) is more commonly associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus.
Catecholamines:
- A. include cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. lower plasma glucose levels.
- D. include epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D: Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress and play a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain blood pressure. These actions help the body respond to stressful situations.
Summary of Other Choices:
A: Incorrect. Cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone are not catecholamines. They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
B: Incorrect. Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone, not catecholamines.
C: Incorrect. Catecholamines actually increase plasma glucose levels to provide energy during stress.
Why can a single endocrine hormone produce a wider spread of responses in more of the body than a single nerve cell?
- A. A single hormone can target many different responses, whereas a nerve only targets a single response.
- B. Blood can carry all the same hormones throughout the body simultaneously, producing responses all over the body; nerve cells can only target a small number of cells.
- C. Nerve cells and blood work together. The endocrine has nothing to do with the nervous system.
- D. Endocrine hormones only target a very small number of precise responses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the bloodstream can carry hormones throughout the body simultaneously, reaching various target cells and organs. This enables a single endocrine hormone to produce responses in multiple parts of the body. In contrast, nerve cells can only target a limited number of cells through direct connections. Choice A is incorrect because endocrine hormones can also target multiple responses, not just one. Choice C is incorrect as the endocrine system and nervous system can interact. Choice D is incorrect as endocrine hormones can have broad effects on multiple target cells.