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The home care nurse should intervene to correct a patient whose insulin administration includes
- A. warming a prefilled refrigerated syringe in the hands before administration.
- B. storing syringes prefilled with NPH and regular insulin needle-up in the refrigerator.
- C. placing the insulin bottle currently in use in a small container on the bathroom countertop.
- D. mixing an evening dose of regular insulin with insulin glargine in one syringe for administration.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin glargine should never be mixed with other insulins. This could alter its action and effectiveness.
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Atropine:
- A. Is a competitive neuromuscular blocker
- B. Induces bradycardia
- C. Stimulates GIT motility and secretion
- D. Produces mydriasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors.
Step 2: Blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye leads to dilation of the pupil, known as mydriasis.
Step 3: Therefore, the correct answer is D, as atropine indeed produces mydriasis.
Summary: A is incorrect because atropine is not a neuromuscular blocker. B is incorrect as atropine actually induces tachycardia. C is incorrect as atropine inhibits GIT motility and secretion.
Peptide hormones function by binding to receptor proteins within the ________. Once the hormone binds to a receptor, it activates ______.
- A. cell: a second messenger
- B. cell: particular genes
- C. plasma membrane: a second messenger
- D. plasma membrane: particular genes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because peptide hormones typically bind to receptor proteins on the plasma membrane. This is because peptide hormones are not able to pass through the cell membrane due to their size and polarity. Once the hormone binds to the receptor on the plasma membrane, it activates a second messenger system within the cell, leading to various cellular responses.
Choice A is incorrect because peptide hormones do not bind directly to intracellular components like second messengers inside the cell. Choice B is incorrect because peptide hormones do not directly activate particular genes within the cell. Choice D is incorrect because peptide hormones do not bind directly to genes on the plasma membrane.
Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?
- A. peristalsis
- B. weak antiperistalsis
- C. peristaltic rushes
- D. tonic contractions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peristaltic rushes. Peristaltic rushes are abnormal and excessive contractions that can result in diarrhea or bowel urgency. In normal health, peristalsis (A) is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles that moves contents along the digestive tract. Weak antiperistalsis (B) refers to reverse contractions that are weaker than normal peristalsis. Tonic contractions (D) are sustained contractions that help maintain muscle tone and control flow. Therefore, peristaltic rushes are the only option that does not occur in normal health due to their abnormal and disruptive nature.
Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT:
- A. catalyze cyclic AMP
- B. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
- C. enter the nucleus
- D. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Steroids are lipid-soluble molecules, allowing them to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells.
Step 2: Once inside the cell, steroids can enter the nucleus to bind to specific receptors and regulate gene expression.
Step 3: Steroids do not catalyze cyclic AMP; this function is typically associated with non-steroid hormones like adrenaline.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A because steroids do not catalyze cyclic AMP, unlike other hormones.
Which of the Following Hormones Are Expected to Increase in the Body After Consuming a Banana Split?
- A. Prolactin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Insulin
- D. Thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (Insulin) is correct:
1. A banana split is high in carbohydrates and sugar.
2. Consuming carbohydrates and sugar triggers an increase in blood glucose levels.
3. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels to facilitate the uptake of glucose into cells for energy.
4. Therefore, after consuming a banana split, insulin levels in the body are expected to increase to regulate blood glucose levels.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- A: Prolactin is a hormone involved in lactation and is not directly related to consuming a banana split.
- B: Glucagon is released in response to low blood glucose levels to increase blood sugar, opposite of what is expected after consuming a banana split.
- D: Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism and is not directly influenced by consuming a banana split.