Nokea
The antagonistic hormone to aldosterone is ____.
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
- B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- C. cortisol.
- D. glucagon.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH). ANH opposes the actions of aldosterone by promoting salt and water excretion, thus reducing blood volume and blood pressure. ANH is released in response to high blood pressure or high blood volume.
B: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not the antagonistic hormone to aldosterone; it acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance.
C: cortisol is a stress hormone and is not directly involved in regulating sodium and water balance.
D: glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels and is not related to the regulation of aldosterone.
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You assess a patient with Cushing's disease. For which finding will you notify the physician immediately?
- A. Purple striae present on abdomen and thighs
- B. Weight gain of 1 pound since the previous day
- C. #ERROR!
- D. Crackles bilaterally in lower lobes of lungs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Crackles in the lungs may indicate fluid overload or heart failure, which requires immediate intervention, especially in a patient with Cushing's disease, who is at risk for fluid retention.
In relation to noradrenaline, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
- A. It stimulates α and β receptors
- B. It decreases heart rate
- C. It decreases blood pressure
- D. Causes vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
- Noradrenaline stimulates both α and β receptors, leading to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction.
- It does not decrease heart rate; it actually increases heart rate due to its actions on β receptors.
- Noradrenaline causes vasoconstriction by activating α receptors, leading to increased blood pressure.
- The incorrect statement is C, as noradrenaline actually increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
Oxytocin:
- A. is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water, thereby expanding blood volume.
- D. is a mineralocorticoid.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
2. It plays a key role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and childbirth.
3. This action helps in the progression of labor by promoting the expulsion of the fetus.
4. Oxytocin also stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding.
5. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the role of oxytocin in uterine muscle contraction.
Summary:
B: Oxytocin is not a gonadotropin; it does not directly affect gonadal function.
C: Oxytocin does not stimulate the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water; that is the role of other hormones like aldosterone.
D: Oxytocin is not a mineralocorticoid; it does not regulate electrolyte balance like mineralocorticoids do.
Mr. Olson, a 55-year-old, adult-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetic is on a 1500 diabetic diet. He wants to have his nightly bourbon and water. The nurse should explain that
- A. each ounce of alcohol contains approximately 50 calories
- B. the bourbon should be mixed with 7-Up or ginger-ale rather than water
- C. the caloric content of the alcohol must be subtracted from the total diet prescription
- D. Fermented spirits (beer, wine) would be better if he insists on a nightly drink
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alcohol contains approximately 50 calories per ounce, and this must be considered in the patient's daily caloric intake.
Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?
- A. peristalsis
- B. weak antiperistalsis
- C. peristaltic rushes
- D. tonic contractions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peristaltic rushes. Peristaltic rushes are abnormal and excessive contractions that can result in diarrhea or bowel urgency. In normal health, peristalsis (A) is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles that moves contents along the digestive tract. Weak antiperistalsis (B) refers to reverse contractions that are weaker than normal peristalsis. Tonic contractions (D) are sustained contractions that help maintain muscle tone and control flow. Therefore, peristaltic rushes are the only option that does not occur in normal health due to their abnormal and disruptive nature.