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Why can a single endocrine hormone produce a wider spread of responses in more of the body than a single nerve cell?
- A. A single hormone can target many different responses, whereas a nerve only targets a single response.
- B. Blood can carry all the same hormones throughout the body simultaneously, producing responses all over the body; nerve cells can only target a small number of cells.
- C. Nerve cells and blood work together. The endocrine has nothing to do with the nervous system.
- D. Endocrine hormones only target a very small number of precise responses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the bloodstream can carry hormones throughout the body simultaneously, reaching various target cells and organs. This enables a single endocrine hormone to produce responses in multiple parts of the body. In contrast, nerve cells can only target a limited number of cells through direct connections. Choice A is incorrect because endocrine hormones can also target multiple responses, not just one. Choice C is incorrect as the endocrine system and nervous system can interact. Choice D is incorrect as endocrine hormones can have broad effects on multiple target cells.
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Adrenaline can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
- B. Increases cardiac contractility
- C. Increases intestinal motility
- D. Increases sweat secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response. It causes bronchial muscle relaxation (A), increases cardiac contractility (B), and increases sweat secretion (D) to prepare the body for action. However, adrenaline inhibits intestinal motility (C) to conserve energy for vital functions during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is C because adrenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Relaxation of bronchial muscle, increased cardiac contractility, and increased sweat secretion are all effects of adrenaline, making choices A, B, and D incorrect, respectively.
What is the hormone produced by adipose tissue which signals satiety?
- A. melatonin
- B. leptin
- C. thymosins
- D. glucagons
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leptin is the correct answer because it is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety to the brain, helping regulate energy balance and food intake. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, not hunger. Thymosins are involved in immune function. Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, not related to satiety.
Jan, an insulin-dependent diabetic, was admitted to the emergency room with hypoglycemia after playing tennis all afternoon. The probable cause of this reaction was
- A. increased exercise level
- B. insufficient insulin dosage
- C. increased food intake
- D. increased glucagon production
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased exercise can cause hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics by using up glucose in the body more quickly than the insulin can manage.
You assess a patient with Cushing's disease. For which finding will you notify the physician immediately?
- A. Purple striae present on abdomen and thighs
- B. Weight gain of 1 pound since the previous day
- C. #ERROR!
- D. Crackles bilaterally in lower lobes of lungs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Crackles in the lungs may indicate fluid overload or heart failure, which requires immediate intervention, especially in a patient with Cushing's disease, who is at risk for fluid retention.
Catecholamines:
- A. include cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. lower plasma glucose levels.
- D. include epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D: Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress and play a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain blood pressure. These actions help the body respond to stressful situations.
Summary of Other Choices:
A: Incorrect. Cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone are not catecholamines. They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
B: Incorrect. Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone, not catecholamines.
C: Incorrect. Catecholamines actually increase plasma glucose levels to provide energy during stress.