Nokea
From where is the hormone glucagon secreted?
- A. F cells of the islets of Langerhans
- B. β-Cells of the islets of Langerhans
- C. α-Cells of the islets of Langerhans
- D. Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Glucagon is secreted by the α-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, helping to raise blood glucose levels.
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Which of the following hormones come from anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
- A. Inhibin
- B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- C. Triiodothyronine
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: b
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Inhibin is produced in the ovaries and testes, not the pituitary gland. Triiodothyronine is a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland, not the pituitary gland. Oxytocin is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, not the anterior lobe. Therefore, the correct answer is B because it is the hormone that originates from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A diabetic patient presents with hot and dry skin, rapid and deep respirations, and a fruity odor to his breath. As charge nurse, you observe the new graduate RN accomplishing all these patient tasks. Which one requires that you intervene immediately?
- A. The RN checks the patient's fingerstick glucose.
- B. The RN encourages the patient to drink orange juice.
- C. The RN checks the patient's order for sliding scale insulin.
- D. The RN assesses the patient's vital signs every 15 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Encouraging the patient to drink orange juice in the presence of rapid, deep breathing, and fruity breath odor could worsen DKA. The patient needs immediate medical intervention, including IV fluids and insulin, rather than oral intake.
A girl presents with delayed puberty, absent secondary sexual characteristics, and primary amenorrhea. She also appears to be hypertensive and hypokalemia. Which of the following enzymes is increased if there is virilization of a person?
- A. 11b-Hydroxylase
- B. 17a-Hydroxylase
- C. 21b-Hydroxylase
- D. Pyruvate Kinase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 11b-Hydroxylase. In cases of virilization, increased androgen production occurs. 11b-Hydroxylase is involved in the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. When there is a deficiency in this enzyme, excess androgens are diverted towards the production of testosterone, leading to virilization. In contrast, choices B (17a-Hydroxylase) and C (21b-Hydroxylase) deficiencies result in decreased androgen production. Choice D, Pyruvate Kinase, is not related to steroid hormone synthesis. Therefore, the correct enzyme in this scenario is 11b-Hydroxylase.
Which gland secretes melatonin and is concerned with our biological rhythms?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adenohypophysis
- C. Pineal gland
- D. Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pineal gland. The pineal gland is responsible for secreting melatonin, a hormone that regulates our biological rhythms such as sleep-wake cycles. This gland is located in the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining our circadian rhythm. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels, not melatonin.
B: The adenohypophysis, or anterior pituitary gland, secretes various hormones but not melatonin.
D: The adrenal gland produces hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, not melatonin.
Blood levels of which of the following substances is decreased in Graves disease?
- A. Triiodothyronine (T3)
- B. Thyroxine (T4)
- C. Diiodotyrosine (DIT)
- D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In Graves disease, there is an overproduction of thyroid hormones due to autoimmune stimulation. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is decreased because the excessive thyroid hormones suppress its production through negative feedback. A and B are incorrect because both T3 and T4 levels are elevated in Graves disease. C is incorrect as DIT is a precursor to thyroid hormones and its levels may not necessarily be decreased in Graves disease.