Nokea
The tongue plays an important part in:
- A. Digestion, mastication, swallowing
- B. Ingestion, taste, digestion
- C. Mastication, elimination, swallowing
- D. Swallowing, mastication, taste
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the tongue is primarily involved in swallowing, mastication (chewing), and taste perception. Swallowing is a crucial function of the tongue as it helps move food towards the throat. Mastication involves the tongue's movement to mix food with saliva and initiate the digestion process. Taste buds on the tongue are responsible for detecting different flavors. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the key functions of the tongue.
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A diabetic patient is found unconscious at home and a family member calls the clinic. After determining that a glucometer is not available, what should the nurse advise the family member to do?
- A. Have the patient drink some orange juice.
- B. Administer 10 U of regular insulin subcutaneously.
- C. Call for an ambulance to transport the patient to a medical facility.
- D. Administer glucagon 1 mg intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: If the patient is unconscious and unable to swallow, glucagon should be administered to raise blood glucose levels safely.
Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?
- A. peristalsis
- B. weak antiperistalsis
- C. peristaltic rushes
- D. tonic contractions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peristaltic rushes. Peristaltic rushes are abnormal and excessive contractions that can result in diarrhea or bowel urgency. In normal health, peristalsis (A) is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles that moves contents along the digestive tract. Weak antiperistalsis (B) refers to reverse contractions that are weaker than normal peristalsis. Tonic contractions (D) are sustained contractions that help maintain muscle tone and control flow. Therefore, peristaltic rushes are the only option that does not occur in normal health due to their abnormal and disruptive nature.
What is the approximate composition of the air in the balloons?
- A. 16, 0.04, low
- B. 16, 4.5, high
- C. 21, 0.04, high
- D. 21, 4.5, low
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (21, 0.04, high). This composition represents the approximate percentage of oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide (0.04%) in the air inside the balloons. Oxygen is a major component of the air we breathe, making up around 21% of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is present in trace amounts, about 0.04%. The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the typical composition of air. Choice A has a low oxygen content and choice B has a high carbon dioxide content, both of which do not align with the usual composition of the air. Choice D also has a low oxygen content and high carbon dioxide content, making it incorrect.
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________.
- A. TH
- B. ACTH
- C. GH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TH (Thyroid Hormone). TH is the only amine hormone that acts like a steroid because it is derived from an amino acid but functions similarly to steroid hormones by entering target cells and binding to intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. ACTH, GH, and ADH are peptide hormones that do not act like steroids. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, GH stimulates growth, and ADH regulates water balance in the body.
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that .
- A. endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue
- B. endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste
- C. endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts
- D. endocrine glands are all interconnected, whereas exocrine glands act completely independently
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Endocrine glands are ductless: Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream instead of using ducts.
2. Exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts: Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts to the body's surface or specific locations.
3. Therefore, the key difference is the presence of ducts: Endocrine glands lack ducts, while exocrine glands have ducts for secretion. This distinction makes choice C the correct answer.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Endocrine glands and exocrine glands can both be formed by epithelial tissue.
B: Incorrect. Exocrine glands release enzymes and other substances, not waste products.
D: Incorrect. There is no interconnection requirement for endocrine glands, and exocrine glands can also be interconnected.