Nokea
Which of the following hormones controls the production and release of glucocorticoids?
- A. ADH
- B. ACTH
- C. GH
- D. FSH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ACTH. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release glucocorticoids, such as cortisol. ADH (A) regulates water balance, GH (C) controls growth, and FSH (D) regulates reproductive functions. ACTH specifically targets the adrenal cortex to regulate glucocorticoid production, making it the correct choice in this scenario.
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Identify a hormone that increases metabolic rate.
- A. thyroid hormone
- B. calcitonin
- C. aldosterone
- D. parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism by increasing the body's metabolic rate. It accomplishes this by stimulating the production of proteins that control the rate at which cells use energy. Calcitonin (B) is involved in regulating calcium levels in the blood, not metabolic rate. Aldosterone (C) is a hormone that regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Parathyroid hormone (D) regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, not metabolic rate. Thus, the correct choice is thyroid hormone as it directly affects metabolic rate.
Hormones are produced by which of the following systems?
- A. Exocrine system
- B. Digestive system
- C. Endocrine system
- D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Endocrine system. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The exocrine system (A) secretes substances through ducts, not hormones. The digestive system (B) processes food and absorbs nutrients but does not produce hormones. The nervous system (D) controls body functions through electrical signals, not hormonal regulation. Therefore, the Endocrine system is the correct choice for hormone production.
Steroids:
- A. are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
- B. include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
- C. stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger, cAMP.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroids include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which are hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance, and androgens are male sex hormones.
Choice A is incorrect because steroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Choice C is incorrect because steroids act by entering the target cells and binding to intracellular receptors, not by stimulating second messengers like cAMP. Choice D is incorrect because steroids are not secreted by the pancreas; instead, the pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon.
This is a strange day for you in the emergency department. Now you have to treat another normovolemic patient with acute drug-induced hypotension, and give the usually correct and effective dose of phenylephrine. This time the drug causes a vasopressor response that is far greater than you've ever encountered: systolic pressure rises dramatically, if not dangerously. Which of the following drugs did the patient most likely take an overdose of?
- A. Atenolol
- B. Bethanechol
- C. Prazosin
- D. Reserpine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Reserpine. Reserpine is a drug that depletes catecholamines like norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings, leading to a prolonged and exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine. This results in a dramatic increase in blood pressure when phenylephrine is given.
Rationale:
1. Atenolol (A) is a beta-blocker and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
2. Bethanechol (B) is a cholinergic agonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
3. Prazosin (C) is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
In summary, Reserpine is the correct answer because it depletes catecholamines, leading to an exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine, resulting in
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that .
- A. endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue
- B. endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste
- C. endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts
- D. endocrine glands are all interconnected, whereas exocrine glands act completely independently
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Endocrine glands are ductless: Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream instead of using ducts.
2. Exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts: Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts to the body's surface or specific locations.
3. Therefore, the key difference is the presence of ducts: Endocrine glands lack ducts, while exocrine glands have ducts for secretion. This distinction makes choice C the correct answer.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Endocrine glands and exocrine glands can both be formed by epithelial tissue.
B: Incorrect. Exocrine glands release enzymes and other substances, not waste products.
D: Incorrect. There is no interconnection requirement for endocrine glands, and exocrine glands can also be interconnected.