Nokea
The pituitary gland is related laterally to:
- A. The cavernous sinus
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Diaphragma sellae
- D. Optic chiasma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
Step 2: The cavernous sinus is a venous sinus located on each side of the sella turcica.
Step 3: The pituitary gland lies laterally to the cavernous sinus.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: The cavernous sinus.
Summary: B is incorrect as the hypothalamus is superior to the pituitary gland. C is incorrect as the diaphragma sellae is a part of the dura mater covering the pituitary gland. D is incorrect as the optic chiasma is located superior to the pituitary gland.
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Mr. Olson, a 55-year-old, adult-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetic is on a 1500 diabetic diet. He wants to have his nightly bourbon and water. The nurse should explain that
- A. each ounce of alcohol contains approximately 50 calories
- B. the bourbon should be mixed with 7-Up or ginger-ale rather than water
- C. the caloric content of the alcohol must be subtracted from the total diet prescription
- D. Fermented spirits (beer, wine) would be better if he insists on a nightly drink
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alcohol contains approximately 50 calories per ounce, and this must be considered in the patient's daily caloric intake.
Identify a hormone that increases metabolic rate.
- A. thyroid hormone
- B. calcitonin
- C. aldosterone
- D. parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism by increasing the body's metabolic rate. It accomplishes this by stimulating the production of proteins that control the rate at which cells use energy. Calcitonin (B) is involved in regulating calcium levels in the blood, not metabolic rate. Aldosterone (C) is a hormone that regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Parathyroid hormone (D) regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, not metabolic rate. Thus, the correct choice is thyroid hormone as it directly affects metabolic rate.
Peptide hormones function by binding to receptor proteins within the ________. Once the hormone binds to a receptor, it activates ______.
- A. cell: a second messenger
- B. cell: particular genes
- C. plasma membrane: a second messenger
- D. plasma membrane: particular genes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because peptide hormones typically bind to receptor proteins on the plasma membrane. This is because peptide hormones are not able to pass through the cell membrane due to their size and polarity. Once the hormone binds to the receptor on the plasma membrane, it activates a second messenger system within the cell, leading to various cellular responses.
Choice A is incorrect because peptide hormones do not bind directly to intracellular components like second messengers inside the cell. Choice B is incorrect because peptide hormones do not directly activate particular genes within the cell. Choice D is incorrect because peptide hormones do not bind directly to genes on the plasma membrane.
Oxytocin:
- A. is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water, thereby expanding blood volume.
- D. is a mineralocorticoid.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
2. It plays a key role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and childbirth.
3. This action helps in the progression of labor by promoting the expulsion of the fetus.
4. Oxytocin also stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding.
5. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the role of oxytocin in uterine muscle contraction.
Summary:
B: Oxytocin is not a gonadotropin; it does not directly affect gonadal function.
C: Oxytocin does not stimulate the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water; that is the role of other hormones like aldosterone.
D: Oxytocin is not a mineralocorticoid; it does not regulate electrolyte balance like mineralocorticoids do.
What is the hormone produced by adipose tissue which signals satiety?
- A. melatonin
- B. leptin
- C. thymosins
- D. glucagons
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leptin is the correct answer because it is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety to the brain, helping regulate energy balance and food intake. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, not hunger. Thymosins are involved in immune function. Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, not related to satiety.