Nokea
Catecholamines:
- A. include cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. lower plasma glucose levels.
- D. include epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D: Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress and play a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain blood pressure. These actions help the body respond to stressful situations.
Summary of Other Choices:
A: Incorrect. Cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone are not catecholamines. They are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
B: Incorrect. Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone, not catecholamines.
C: Incorrect. Catecholamines actually increase plasma glucose levels to provide energy during stress.
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Which of the following hormones helps conserve water during dehydration?
- A. Atrial natriuretic peptide
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer because it acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of sodium and water, helping conserve water during dehydration. Atrial natriuretic peptide promotes sodium excretion, oxytocin is involved in labor and milk ejection, and thyroxine regulates metabolism.
Identify a hormone that increases metabolic rate.
- A. thyroid hormone
- B. calcitonin
- C. aldosterone
- D. parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism by increasing the body's metabolic rate. It accomplishes this by stimulating the production of proteins that control the rate at which cells use energy. Calcitonin (B) is involved in regulating calcium levels in the blood, not metabolic rate. Aldosterone (C) is a hormone that regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Parathyroid hormone (D) regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, not metabolic rate. Thus, the correct choice is thyroid hormone as it directly affects metabolic rate.
Adrenaline can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
- B. Increases cardiac contractility
- C. Increases intestinal motility
- D. Increases sweat secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response. It causes bronchial muscle relaxation (A), increases cardiac contractility (B), and increases sweat secretion (D) to prepare the body for action. However, adrenaline inhibits intestinal motility (C) to conserve energy for vital functions during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is C because adrenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Relaxation of bronchial muscle, increased cardiac contractility, and increased sweat secretion are all effects of adrenaline, making choices A, B, and D incorrect, respectively.
Which is a water soluble vitamin?
- A. D
- B. B12
- C. A
- D. K
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: B12. B12 is a water-soluble vitamin because it dissolves in water and can be easily excreted through urine if taken in excess. It plays a crucial role in red blood cell formation and neurological function. Vitamins D, A, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they require fat for absorption and are stored in the body's fat tissues, making it harder to excrete excess amounts. This is why B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin among the choices.
A patient with diabetes insipidus is treated with nasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). The nurse determines that the drug is not having an adequate therapeutic effect when the patient experiences
- A. Headache and weight gain.
- B. A urine specific gravity of 1.002.
- C. Nasal irritation and nausea.
- D. An oral intake greater than urinary output.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If the drug is not effective, the patient's urine specific gravity will remain low (1.002), indicating continued inability to concentrate urine.