Nokea
The posterior pituitary gland receives hormone messages from the hypothalamus via ________.
- A. a capillary network
- B. neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
- C. Schwann cells
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. This communication is facilitated by specialized neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. These neurons release hormones into the bloodstream, which then reach the posterior pituitary gland and stimulate the release of its stored hormones. Choice A is incorrect because the posterior pituitary does not directly receive messages through a capillary network. Choice C is incorrect as Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating peripheral nerves, not hormone communication. Choice D is incorrect because while the hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland through neurons, it does not involve a capillary network.
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Adrenaline can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
- B. Increases cardiac contractility
- C. Increases intestinal motility
- D. Increases sweat secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response. It causes bronchial muscle relaxation (A), increases cardiac contractility (B), and increases sweat secretion (D) to prepare the body for action. However, adrenaline inhibits intestinal motility (C) to conserve energy for vital functions during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is C because adrenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Relaxation of bronchial muscle, increased cardiac contractility, and increased sweat secretion are all effects of adrenaline, making choices A, B, and D incorrect, respectively.
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.
- A. diabetes mellitus
- B. cellular inhibition
- C. down-regulation
- D. metabolism of protein kinases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: down-regulation. Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can lead to down-regulation, where cells decrease their responsiveness to the hormone by reducing the number of hormone receptors. This is a regulatory mechanism to prevent overstimulation.
A: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, usually caused by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, not directly related to prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
B: Cellular inhibition is a broad term that may refer to various cellular processes being inhibited, but it is not a specific phenomenon resulting from prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
D: Metabolism of protein kinases is a cellular process involved in signal transduction, but it is not a direct consequence of prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
The tongue plays an important part in:
- A. Digestion, mastication, swallowing
- B. Ingestion, taste, digestion
- C. Mastication, elimination, swallowing
- D. Swallowing, mastication, taste
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the tongue is primarily involved in swallowing, mastication (chewing), and taste perception. Swallowing is a crucial function of the tongue as it helps move food towards the throat. Mastication involves the tongue's movement to mix food with saliva and initiate the digestion process. Taste buds on the tongue are responsible for detecting different flavors. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the key functions of the tongue.
Excessive eating despite plenty of glucose in the blood is called:
- A. acidosis.
- B. polyuria.
- C. polydipsia.
- D. polyphagia.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: polyphagia. Polyphagia is the medical term for excessive eating despite adequate glucose levels in the blood, commonly seen in conditions like diabetes mellitus. This excessive hunger is due to the body's inability to use glucose effectively, leading to a constant feeling of hunger.
A: Acidosis refers to an excess of acid in the blood, not related to excessive eating.
B: Polyuria is excessive urination, not directly related to excessive eating.
C: Polydipsia is excessive thirst, also not directly related to excessive eating.
In summary, polyphagia is the correct term for excessive eating despite adequate glucose levels, while the other choices are unrelated to this specific symptom.
Regarding basal metabolic rate:
- A. it is higher in women
- B. it is determined at rest within 12 hours after the last meal
- C. increases by 18% for each 1°C of fever
- D. is about 40Kcal/m2/h in an average man
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy expended by the body at rest to maintain basic physiological functions. Choice D is correct because it states that BMR is about 40Kcal/m2/h in an average man, which is a commonly accepted value. This is based on the energy needed for essential bodily functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because: A) BMR is generally higher in men due to their higher muscle mass; B) BMR is measured after an overnight fast, not within 12 hours after the last meal; C) Fever typically increases BMR by around 7% per 1°C rise, not 18%.