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Mr. Olson, a 55-year-old, adult-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetic is on a 1500 diabetic diet. He wants to have his nightly bourbon and water. The nurse should explain that
- A. each ounce of alcohol contains approximately 50 calories
- B. the bourbon should be mixed with 7-Up or ginger-ale rather than water
- C. the caloric content of the alcohol must be subtracted from the total diet prescription
- D. Fermented spirits (beer, wine) would be better if he insists on a nightly drink
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alcohol contains approximately 50 calories per ounce, and this must be considered in the patient's daily caloric intake.
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Which system works closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions?
- A. nervous system
- B. immune system
- C. circulatory system
- D. respiratory system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions through the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information rapidly, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The immune system (B) protects the body from infections, the circulatory system (C) transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and the respiratory system (D) is responsible for gas exchange. However, these systems do not directly coordinate with the endocrine system in the same way the nervous system does.
A diabetic patient is found unconscious at home and a family member calls the clinic. After determining that a glucometer is not available, what should the nurse advise the family member to do?
- A. Have the patient drink some orange juice.
- B. Administer 10 U of regular insulin subcutaneously.
- C. Call for an ambulance to transport the patient to a medical facility.
- D. Administer glucagon 1 mg intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: If the patient is unconscious and unable to swallow, glucagon should be administered to raise blood glucose levels safely.
The bones, kidneys, and intestine are target organs of this calcium-regulator hormone.
- A. T3 and T4
- B. PTH
- C. ACTH
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: PTH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels in the body by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine. PTH stimulates release of calcium from bones, reabsorption of calcium in kidneys, and absorption of calcium in the intestine. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones that do not directly regulate calcium levels. ACTH is adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands. Oxytocin is a hormone involved in labor and lactation, not calcium regulation.
A patient with diabetes insipidus is treated with nasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). The nurse determines that the drug is not having an adequate therapeutic effect when the patient experiences
- A. Headache and weight gain.
- B. A urine specific gravity of 1.002.
- C. Nasal irritation and nausea.
- D. An oral intake greater than urinary output.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If the drug is not effective, the patient's urine specific gravity will remain low (1.002), indicating continued inability to concentrate urine.
Excess insulin is most apt to cause:
- A. ketosis.
- B. hypoglycemia.
- C. hypertension.
- D. diuresis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess insulin leads to increased glucose uptake by cells, causing a drop in blood sugar levels, resulting in hypoglycemia. This can lead to symptoms like confusion, sweating, and weakness. Ketosis (A) is caused by low insulin levels, hypertension (C) is not directly related to excess insulin, and diuresis (D) is more commonly associated with conditions like diabetes insipidus.