Nokea
Hormones are produced by which of the following systems?
- A. Exocrine system
- B. Digestive system
- C. Endocrine system
- D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Endocrine system. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The exocrine system (A) secretes substances through ducts, not hormones. The digestive system (B) processes food and absorbs nutrients but does not produce hormones. The nervous system (D) controls body functions through electrical signals, not hormonal regulation. Therefore, the Endocrine system is the correct choice for hormone production.
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This is a strange day for you in the emergency department. Now you have to treat another normovolemic patient with acute drug-induced hypotension, and give the usually correct and effective dose of phenylephrine. This time the drug causes a vasopressor response that is far greater than you've ever encountered: systolic pressure rises dramatically, if not dangerously. Which of the following drugs did the patient most likely take an overdose of?
- A. Atenolol
- B. Bethanechol
- C. Prazosin
- D. Reserpine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Reserpine. Reserpine is a drug that depletes catecholamines like norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings, leading to a prolonged and exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine. This results in a dramatic increase in blood pressure when phenylephrine is given.
Rationale:
1. Atenolol (A) is a beta-blocker and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
2. Bethanechol (B) is a cholinergic agonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
3. Prazosin (C) is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
In summary, Reserpine is the correct answer because it depletes catecholamines, leading to an exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine, resulting in
Annabelle has been referred to an endocrinologist for evaluation of the following symptoms: infertility, hypogonadism, and delayed puberty. Which hormone(s) from the pituitary is/are lacking in Annabelle?
- A. FSH and LH.
- B. ACTH.
- C. TSH.
- D. Growth hormone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Infertility, hypogonadism, and delayed puberty in women are commonly due to a deficiency in the pituitary hormones FSH and LH, which regulate reproductive function.
A girl presents with delayed puberty, absent secondary sexual characteristics, and primary amenorrhea. She also appears to be hypertensive and hypokalemia. Which of the following enzymes is increased if there is virilization of a person?
- A. 11b-Hydroxylase
- B. 17a-Hydroxylase
- C. 21b-Hydroxylase
- D. Pyruvate Kinase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 11b-Hydroxylase. In cases of virilization, increased androgen production occurs. 11b-Hydroxylase is involved in the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. When there is a deficiency in this enzyme, excess androgens are diverted towards the production of testosterone, leading to virilization. In contrast, choices B (17a-Hydroxylase) and C (21b-Hydroxylase) deficiencies result in decreased androgen production. Choice D, Pyruvate Kinase, is not related to steroid hormone synthesis. Therefore, the correct enzyme in this scenario is 11b-Hydroxylase.
Oxytocin:
- A. is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water, thereby expanding blood volume.
- D. is a mineralocorticoid.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
2. It plays a key role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and childbirth.
3. This action helps in the progression of labor by promoting the expulsion of the fetus.
4. Oxytocin also stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding.
5. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the role of oxytocin in uterine muscle contraction.
Summary:
B: Oxytocin is not a gonadotropin; it does not directly affect gonadal function.
C: Oxytocin does not stimulate the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water; that is the role of other hormones like aldosterone.
D: Oxytocin is not a mineralocorticoid; it does not regulate electrolyte balance like mineralocorticoids do.
Which gland secretes melatonin and is concerned with our biological rhythms?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Adenohypophysis
- C. Pineal gland
- D. Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pineal gland. The pineal gland is responsible for secreting melatonin, a hormone that regulates our biological rhythms such as sleep-wake cycles. This gland is located in the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining our circadian rhythm. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels, not melatonin.
B: The adenohypophysis, or anterior pituitary gland, secretes various hormones but not melatonin.
D: The adrenal gland produces hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, not melatonin.