Nokea
ADH will stimulate _____ water reabsorption by the kidneys and ______ of the blood vessels; thus _____ blood pressure.
- A. decrease: constriction: increase
- B. decrease: dilation: decrease
- C. increase: constriction: increase
- D. increase: dilation: decrease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases water reabsorption by the kidneys (increasing blood volume), causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), and ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure. Choice A is incorrect because ADH does not decrease water reabsorption. Choice B is incorrect because ADH does not cause dilation of blood vessels, which would decrease blood pressure. Choice D is incorrect because ADH does not cause dilation of blood vessels, which would not lead to a decrease in blood pressure.
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The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________.
- A. pancreatic hormones
- B. steroid hormones
- C. catecholamines
- D. pituitary gland hormones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: steroid hormones. Steroid hormones are known to regulate gene expression by binding to specific receptors and influencing transcription processes. They can directly affect the transcription of new messenger RNA in the cell. Pancreatic hormones (A), catecholamines (C), and pituitary gland hormones (D) are not directly involved in the transcription of new messenger RNA. Pancreatic hormones primarily regulate blood sugar levels, catecholamines are involved in the fight-or-flight response, and pituitary gland hormones regulate various functions such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
This is a strange day for you in the emergency department. Now you have to treat another normovolemic patient with acute drug-induced hypotension, and give the usually correct and effective dose of phenylephrine. This time the drug causes a vasopressor response that is far greater than you've ever encountered: systolic pressure rises dramatically, if not dangerously. Which of the following drugs did the patient most likely take an overdose of?
- A. Atenolol
- B. Bethanechol
- C. Prazosin
- D. Reserpine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Reserpine. Reserpine is a drug that depletes catecholamines like norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings, leading to a prolonged and exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine. This results in a dramatic increase in blood pressure when phenylephrine is given.
Rationale:
1. Atenolol (A) is a beta-blocker and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
2. Bethanechol (B) is a cholinergic agonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
3. Prazosin (C) is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
In summary, Reserpine is the correct answer because it depletes catecholamines, leading to an exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine, resulting in
Which is a water soluble vitamin?
- A. D
- B. B12
- C. A
- D. K
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: B12. B12 is a water-soluble vitamin because it dissolves in water and can be easily excreted through urine if taken in excess. It plays a crucial role in red blood cell formation and neurological function. Vitamins D, A, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they require fat for absorption and are stored in the body's fat tissues, making it harder to excrete excess amounts. This is why B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin among the choices.
What is the speed of the wave?
- A. 1.5cm/s
- B. 3.0cm/s
- C. 300 cm/s
- D. 600 cm/s
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 600 cm/s. The speed of a wave is determined by the formula speed = frequency x wavelength. Given that the frequency and wavelength are constant, the only way to increase the speed is to increase the frequency or the wavelength. Since both frequency and wavelength are fixed, the speed can only be increased by increasing both. Choice D, 600 cm/s, is double the speed of choice C, 300 cm/s, which indicates that both frequency and wavelength have been doubled, leading to the correct answer. Choices A and B are too low to be correct, as they are not consistent with the principles of wave speed calculation.
What is the approximate composition of the air in the balloons?
- A. 16, 0.04, low
- B. 16, 4.5, high
- C. 21, 0.04, high
- D. 21, 4.5, low
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (21, 0.04, high). This composition represents the approximate percentage of oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide (0.04%) in the air inside the balloons. Oxygen is a major component of the air we breathe, making up around 21% of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is present in trace amounts, about 0.04%. The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the typical composition of air. Choice A has a low oxygen content and choice B has a high carbon dioxide content, both of which do not align with the usual composition of the air. Choice D also has a low oxygen content and high carbon dioxide content, making it incorrect.