Jan, an insulin-dependent diabetic, was admitted to the emergency room with hypoglycemia after playing tennis all afternoon. The probable cause of this reaction was
- A. increased exercise level
- B. insufficient insulin dosage
- C. increased food intake
- D. increased glucagon production
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased exercise can cause hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics by using up glucose in the body more quickly than the insulin can manage.
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Which row identifies the chemical product of the fuel cell and the type of energy used to power the vehicles?
- A. hydrogen, electrical
- B. hydrogen, thermal
- C. water, electrical
- D. water, thermal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in a fuel cell, the chemical product is water (H2O) produced from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, and the energy used to power the vehicles is electrical energy generated from the electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell. Choice A (hydrogen, electrical) is incorrect because hydrogen is the input fuel, not the output product. Choice B (hydrogen, thermal) is incorrect because thermal energy is not the primary form of energy produced in a fuel cell. Choice D (water, thermal) is incorrect because while water is the product, the energy produced is electrical, not thermal.
The tongue plays an important part in:
- A. Digestion, mastication, swallowing
- B. Ingestion, taste, digestion
- C. Mastication, elimination, swallowing
- D. Swallowing, mastication, taste
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the tongue is primarily involved in swallowing, mastication (chewing), and taste perception. Swallowing is a crucial function of the tongue as it helps move food towards the throat. Mastication involves the tongue's movement to mix food with saliva and initiate the digestion process. Taste buds on the tongue are responsible for detecting different flavors. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the key functions of the tongue.
A patient who recently had a calcium oxalate renal stone had a bone density study, which showed a decrease in her bone density. What endocrine problem could this patient have?
- A. SIADH
- B. Cushing syndrome
- C. Hypothyroidism
- D. Hyperparathyroidism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperparathyroidism can lead to bone demineralization, which may cause a decrease in bone density, and is often associated with kidney stones.
In relation to noradrenaline, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
- A. It stimulates α and β receptors
- B. It decreases heart rate
- C. It decreases blood pressure
- D. Causes vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
- Noradrenaline stimulates both α and β receptors, leading to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction.
- It does not decrease heart rate; it actually increases heart rate due to its actions on β receptors.
- Noradrenaline causes vasoconstriction by activating α receptors, leading to increased blood pressure.
- The incorrect statement is C, as noradrenaline actually increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
Ritodrine is a drug indicated for suppressing uterine contractions in premature labor. The drug also causes bronchodilation. It has no vasoconstrictor effects, nor any effects on the size of the pupil of the eye. Which of the following is the most likely classification of this drug?
- A. α-adrenergic agonist
- B. Antimuscarinic drug
- C. β-adrenergic agonist
- D. β-adrenergic blocker
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: β-adrenergic agonist. Ritodrine is indicated for suppressing uterine contractions, which is a typical effect of β-adrenergic agonists. Bronchodilation is also a known effect of β-adrenergic agonists. Since the drug has no vasoconstrictor effects and does not affect the size of the pupil of the eye, it is unlikely to be an α-adrenergic agonist or an antimuscarinic drug. Additionally, the fact that ritodrine causes bronchodilation further supports its classification as a β-adrenergic agonist.