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A diabetic patient is found unconscious at home and a family member calls the clinic. After determining that a glucometer is not available, what should the nurse advise the family member to do?
- A. Have the patient drink some orange juice.
- B. Administer 10 U of regular insulin subcutaneously.
- C. Call for an ambulance to transport the patient to a medical facility.
- D. Administer glucagon 1 mg intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: If the patient is unconscious and unable to swallow, glucagon should be administered to raise blood glucose levels safely.
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Peptide hormones function by binding to receptor proteins within the ________. Once the hormone binds to a receptor, it activates ______.
- A. cell: a second messenger
- B. cell: particular genes
- C. plasma membrane: a second messenger
- D. plasma membrane: particular genes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because peptide hormones typically bind to receptor proteins on the plasma membrane. This is because peptide hormones are not able to pass through the cell membrane due to their size and polarity. Once the hormone binds to the receptor on the plasma membrane, it activates a second messenger system within the cell, leading to various cellular responses.
Choice A is incorrect because peptide hormones do not bind directly to intracellular components like second messengers inside the cell. Choice B is incorrect because peptide hormones do not directly activate particular genes within the cell. Choice D is incorrect because peptide hormones do not bind directly to genes on the plasma membrane.
The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________.
- A. pancreatic hormones
- B. steroid hormones
- C. catecholamines
- D. pituitary gland hormones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: steroid hormones. Steroid hormones are known to regulate gene expression by binding to specific receptors and influencing transcription processes. They can directly affect the transcription of new messenger RNA in the cell. Pancreatic hormones (A), catecholamines (C), and pituitary gland hormones (D) are not directly involved in the transcription of new messenger RNA. Pancreatic hormones primarily regulate blood sugar levels, catecholamines are involved in the fight-or-flight response, and pituitary gland hormones regulate various functions such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
After a thyroidectomy, Mr. M begins to show signs of tetany. The nurse should suspect a deficiency of which of the following?
- A. Insulin
- B. Parathyroid hormone
- C. Thyroid hormone
- D. Corticosteroids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tetany is often caused by a decrease in parathyroid hormone, which can lead to hypocalcemia, a common complication after thyroid surgery.
Which drug is most likely to cause muscle tremor:
- A. Ipratropium
- B. Terbutaline
- C. Atenolol
- D. Nicotinic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Terbutaline. Terbutaline is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator. It can stimulate beta-2 receptors in skeletal muscle, leading to muscle tremors as a common side effect. Ipratropium (A) is an anticholinergic bronchodilator and typically does not cause muscle tremors. Atenolol (C) is a beta-blocker and is not associated with muscle tremors. Nicotinic acid (D) is used to treat dyslipidemia and does not commonly cause muscle tremors. Therefore, Terbutaline is the most likely drug to cause muscle tremor among the options provided.
Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________.
- A. diabetes
- B. suppression of cancer
- C. giantism in children
- D. acromegally in adults
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess growth hormone suppresses cancer by promoting healthy cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis. Diabetes can result from growth hormone excess due to insulin resistance. Giantism in children and acromegaly in adults are both caused by excess growth hormone stimulating excessive skeletal and soft tissue growth. Therefore, the correct answer is B because excess growth hormone does not suppress cancer; it actually promotes cell growth and proliferation.