Nokea
Attenuated vaccines can be obtained by
- A. Passage through cultured cells
- B. Formaldehyde treatment
- C. The use of viral vectors carrying pathogen subunits
- D. All of the above treatments would lead to attenuated vaccines
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Passage through cultured cells. Attenuated vaccines are produced by weakening the pathogen through serial passages in cultured cells, reducing virulence while maintaining immunogenicity. Formaldehyde treatment (B) disrupts the pathogen's structure and is used for inactivated vaccines. The use of viral vectors carrying pathogen subunits (C) is a method for creating subunit vaccines, not attenuated vaccines. Therefore, D is incorrect as not all treatments lead to attenuated vaccines.
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What is the significance of HER2 positivity in breast cancer?
- A. Indicates aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments
- B. Signifies slower tumor growth
- C. Indicates sensitivity to hormone therapy
- D. Denotes a benign tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HER2 positivity signifies aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments, requiring targeted therapies.
Which of the following statements is NOT true
- A. During T cell development the decision to become a CD4 or a CD8 positive cell is a random event
- B. During T cell differentiation the decision to become a TH1 or a TH2 cell CD4+ is a random event
- C. TH2 CD4+ cells secrete IL-4
- D. IL-10 is TH2 polarizing cytokine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: During T cell differentiation, the decision to become a TH1 or a TH2 cell CD4+ is not a random event. This is because T cell differentiation into TH1 or TH2 cells is guided by specific signals from the environment, such as cytokines present during activation. TH1 cells are induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma, while TH2 cells are induced by IL-4. This process is not random but rather a result of specific signaling cues.
A: During T cell development, the decision to become a CD4 or a CD8 positive cell is not a random event. It is determined by interactions with thymic stromal cells and the T cell receptor.
C: TH2 CD4+ cells do secrete IL-4, so this statement is true.
D: IL-10 is not a TH2 polarizing cytokine; rather, it is known to have regulatory functions in immune responses.
The physician plans to prescribe trastuzumab (Herceptin) for the patient with breast cancer. What testing will the physician order before prescribing this medication?
- A. HER2 protein levels
- B. BRCA2 gene mutation
- C. BRCA1 gene mutation
- D. Stage II cancer identification
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Trastuzumab targets HER2-positive breast cancers, so HER2 protein level testing is essential to determine eligibility.
Which classification of chemotherapy drugs is cell cycle phase–nonspecific, breaks the DNA helix which interferes with DNA replication, and crosses the blood-brain barrier?
- A. Nitrosureas
- B. Antimetabolites
- C. Mitotic inhibitors
- D. Antitumor antibiotics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nitrosureas are cell cycle phase–nonspecific, disrupt DNA replication, and cross the blood-brain barrier.
During data collection, the nurse learns the patient is allergic to shellfish. Which precautions should be implemented during the patient's hospitalization?
- A. The patient should be placed in a private room.
- B. The kitchen should use dedicated equipment for all of the patient's food preparation.
- C. Iodine-based skin preparations should be replaced with different bactericidal cleansers.
- D. The patient's allergy should be noted on the medical record and communicated clearly to all caretakers.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The correct answer is D because it addresses the essential action of noting the patient's allergy on the medical record and communicating it to all caretakers to prevent inadvertent exposure.
2. Choice A is not necessary unless the patient's allergy poses an infection control risk that warrants isolation.
3. Choice B is excessive and not required as long as cross-contamination is prevented during food preparation.
4. Choice C is unrelated to the patient's shellfish allergy and not a standard precaution in this scenario.