Nokea
Which of the following immunoglobulins is present normally in plasma at the highest concentration?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma, comprising around 75% of total immunoglobulins. It is produced in response to infections and provides long-term immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, but its concentration decreases over time. IgA is mainly found in mucosal areas and secretions. IgD is present in small amounts and its function is not fully understood. Thus, IgG is the correct answer due to its high concentration in plasma and important role in long-term immunity.
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What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) identify?
- A. Specific antigens
- B. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- C. Host self-proteins
- D. Specific viruses only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) identify Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) because PAMPs are unique molecules found on pathogens that trigger an immune response. PRRs recognize these patterns to distinguish between self and non-self. This recognition is crucial for initiating an immune response against potential threats. Specific antigens (A) and specific viruses only (D) are too narrow in scope as PRRs are designed to detect a wide range of patterns. Host self-proteins (C) are recognized by other mechanisms in the immune system to prevent autoimmunity.
Where do B cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bone marrow. B cells mature in the bone marrow where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This process involves gene rearrangement and selection for self-tolerance. The bone marrow provides a microenvironment necessary for B cell development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the thymus is where T cells mature, the spleen is involved in immune responses but not B cell maturation, and lymph nodes are sites for immune cell activation and proliferation but not B cell maturation.
A client with AIDS is terminally ill and wants to name a person as a beneficiary to his life insurance in exchange for immediate cash. What is the term that best describes this arrangement?
- A. Power of attorney
- B. Beneficiary settlement
- C. Viatical settlement
- D. Life insurance guardianship
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A viatical settlement allows a terminally ill client to sell their life insurance policy for immediate cash naming a beneficiary.
What is included in the humoral immune response?
- A. Surveillance for malignant cell changes
- B. Production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins
- C. Direct attack of antigens by activated B lymphocytes
- D. Releasing cytokines responsible for destruction of antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The humoral immune response involves the production of antigen-specific antibodies (immunoglobulins) by B cells, which neutralize pathogens.
A patient had a complicated vaginal hysterectomy. The student nurse provided perineal care after the patient had a bowel movement. The student nurse tells the nurse there was a lot of light brown, smelly drainage seeping from the perianal area. What should the nurse suspect when assessing this patient?
- A. Dehiscence
- B. Hemorrhage
- C. Keloid formation
- D. Fistula formation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fistula formation involves abnormal connections between organs or tissues, often caused by infection or trauma. Light brown, smelly drainage suggests communication between the bowel and skin, indicative of a fistula.