Nokea
The Calvin cycle:
- A. is a C5 pathway
- B. is used by all photoautotrophic microorganisms
- C. is a C4 pathway
- D. is a dark reaction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It occurs in the dark phase (without direct light requirement), making choice D correct. Choice A is incorrect because the Calvin cycle is a C3 pathway, not C5. Choice B is incorrect because not all photoautotrophic microorganisms use the Calvin cycle; some use alternative pathways. Choice C is incorrect because C4 pathway is a different photosynthetic pathway that occurs in certain plants to minimize photorespiration.
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A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and management of acute joint inflammation. Which information obtained in the admission laboratory testing concerns you most?
- A. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is elevated.
- B. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level is increased.
- C. The anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test is positive.
- D. The lupus erythematosus (LE) cell prep is positive.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An elevated BUN level may indicate kidney involvement which is a serious complication of SLE. The other findings are expected in SLE and do not indicate an urgent problem. CRP is a marker of inflammation and positive ANA and LE cell prep are diagnostic of SLE but do not indicate acute complications.
A clinical indicator of inflammation is:
- A. Decreased concentration of C3b
- B. Increased concentration of C-reactive protein
- C. Decreased concentration of MBL
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased concentration of C-reactive protein. This is because C-reactive protein is a well-established clinical indicator of inflammation, produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Choice A is incorrect because a decreased concentration of C3b is not a typical indicator of inflammation. Choice C is incorrect because mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an acute-phase reactant that increases in response to inflammation, so a decreased concentration of MBL would not be indicative of inflammation. Choice D is incorrect as it includes all options, but only B is a valid clinical indicator of inflammation.
What is NOT true about Shigella?
- A. Causes a form of bloody diarrhea
- B. It is a motile species possessing a flagellum
- C. It exploits specialized intestinal cells, called M cells, to infect the host
- D. It can travel from cell to cell, propelled by actin comets
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Shigella is a non-motile species and does not possess a flagellum. Shigella relies on non-flagellar mechanisms for its movement within host cells. Choice A is true as Shigella causes bloody diarrhea. Choice C is also true as Shigella exploits M cells to infect the host. Choice D is true as Shigella can move from cell to cell using actin comets. In summary, choice B is incorrect because Shigella does not have a flagellum, while choices A, C, and D are all true characteristics of Shigella.
A patient’s documentation indicates he has a stage III pressure ulcer on his right hip. What should the nurse expect to find on assessment of the patient’s right hip?
- A. Exposed bone, tendon, or muscle
- B. An abrasion, blister, or shallow crater
- C. Deep crater through subcutaneous tissue to fascia
- D. Persistent redness (or bluish color in darker skin tones)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage III pressure ulcers penetrate through all layers of the skin but do not expose underlying structures such as bone or muscle.
What is a significant consequence of the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens?
- A. Pathogens evolve slower than hosts
- B. Hosts develop epigenetic changes for immune adaptation
- C. Mutations in hosts always outpace pathogen evolution
- D. Hosts and pathogens remain static in their interactions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hosts developing epigenetic changes for immune adaptation is a significant consequence of the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens. This adaptation allows hosts to better defend against evolving pathogens over time. This process is dynamic, as both hosts and pathogens continuously evolve in response to each other.
Choice A is incorrect because pathogens can evolve rapidly to adapt to host defenses. Choice C is incorrect because while hosts may have mutations that provide advantages, pathogens can also evolve to overcome host defenses. Choice D is incorrect as the interaction between hosts and pathogens is characterized by constant adaptation and change, not remaining static.