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Which of the following is correct about lectin receptors?
- A. They recognize microbial carbohydrates
- B. They are expressed on phagocytes
- C. They can be classified as pattern recognition receptors
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - All of the above. Lectin receptors recognize microbial carbohydrates, are expressed on phagocytes, and can be classified as pattern recognition receptors. Lectins are proteins that bind specifically to certain carbohydrates, allowing them to recognize and interact with pathogens. Phagocytes express lectin receptors to help identify and engulf pathogens. Additionally, lectin receptors are considered pattern recognition receptors because they recognize specific patterns or structures commonly found on pathogens. Therefore, all three statements are true, making option D the correct answer.
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Antihistamines are used cautiously in older men with prostatic hypertrophy for which of the following reasons?
- A. Because these clients may experience increased drowsiness
- B. Because these clients may experience difficulty voiding
- C. Because these clients face a greater risk of cardiac arrest
- D. Because these clients have a lower autoimmune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antihistamines can cause urinary retention which is particularly problematic for older men with prostatic hypertrophy.
A client calls the clinic to report exposure to poison ivy and an itchy rash that is not helped with over-the-counter antihistamines. What response by the nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Antihistamines do not help poison ivy.
- B. There are different antihistamines to try.
- C. You should be seen in the clinic right away.
- D. You will need to take some IV steroids.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "You should be seen in the clinic right away." This response is appropriate because poison ivy rashes can worsen and may require prescription medications like corticosteroids. Seeing a healthcare provider ensures proper diagnosis and treatment.
A: "Antihistamines do not help poison ivy." - Incorrect, as antihistamines may provide some relief for itching but are not the primary treatment for poison ivy rashes.
B: "There are different antihistamines to try." - Incorrect, as trying different antihistamines may not address the underlying issue of poison ivy exposure.
D: "You will need to take some IV steroids." - Incorrect, as IV steroids are typically reserved for severe cases and should be prescribed by a healthcare provider after evaluation.
Which of the following is an example of a live attenuated bacterial vaccine?
- A. Cholera
- B. Typhoid
- C. Anthrax
- D. Plague
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Typhoid. Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the pathogen that can replicate in the host to stimulate a strong immune response without causing disease. Typhoid vaccine is an example of a live attenuated bacterial vaccine because it contains weakened Salmonella typhi bacteria. Cholera (A), Anthrax (C), and Plague (D) vaccines are not live attenuated bacterial vaccines; they are either killed/inactivated or subunit vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines provide longer-lasting immunity compared to other vaccine types.
Priority Decision: On assessment of a central venous access device (CVAD) site, the nurse observes that the transparent dressing is loose along two sides. What should the nurse do immediately?
- A. Wait and change the dressing when it is due
- B. Tape the two loose sides down and document
- C. Apply a gauze dressing over the transparent dressing and tape securely
- D. Remove the dressing and apply a new transparent dressing using sterile technique
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Loose dressings increase infection risk; replacing the dressing with sterile technique ensures safety.
Benefits from the human microbiome include all the following except:
- A. Out-competition of pathogenic species
- B. Production of important metabolites called short chain fatty acids
- C. Secretion of enzymes such as lysozyme that degrade the cell wall of pathogenic species
- D. Provision of signals leading to the development of the gut-associated immune system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the human microbiome does not secrete enzymes like lysozyme; instead, lysozyme is produced by the human body. A is correct as the microbiome can out-compete harmful bacteria. B is correct as the microbiome produces short chain fatty acids. D is correct as the microbiome helps in the development of the gut-associated immune system. Therefore, C is the only option that does not accurately describe a benefit from the human microbiome.