Nokea
Autoimmunity is defined as a phenomenon involving which of the following?
- A. Production of endotoxins that destroy B
- B. Overproduction of reagin antibody
- C. Depression of the immune response
- D. Inability to differentiate self from nonself
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Autoimmunity is a phenomenon in which the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own cells, tissues, and organs. This occurs due to a breakdown in the immune system's ability to differentiate "self" from "nonself." In a healthy immune system, immune cells recognize and destroy foreign invaders while avoiding attacking the body's own cells. When this self-tolerance is lost, autoimmune diseases can develop, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and various health problems. Therefore, autoimmunity is defined by the immune system's inability to distinguish between self and nonself.
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According to developmental theories, which event is essential to toddler development?
- A. Learning to feed oneself.
- B. Developing friendships.
- C. Learning to walk.
- D. Being potty-trained.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The mastery of toilet training is considered a key developmental milestone during the toddler period.
Neuroblastoma can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. All the following features are paraneoplastic EXCEPT
- A. uncontrollable jerking movements
- B. cerebellar ataxia and increased body coordination
- C. unilateral ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis
- D. profound secretory diarrhea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased body coordination is not a typical feature of neuroblastoma-associated paraneoplastic syndromes.
A nurse prepares to administer a vitamin K injection to a newborn infant. The mother asks the nurse why her newborn infant needs the injection. The best response by the nurse would be:
- A. "You infant needs vitamin K to develop immunity."
- B. "The vitamin K will protect your infant from being jaundiced."
- C. "Newborn infants are deficient in vitamin K, and this injection prevents your infant from abnormal bleeding."
- D. "Newborn infants have sterile bowels, and vitamin K promotes the growth of bacteria in the bowel."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct response by the nurse is C. Newborn infants are born with low levels of vitamin K because they do not have enough of the gut bacteria necessary to produce it. Vitamin K plays a crucial role in blood clotting, and without enough of it, newborns are at risk of a bleeding disorder called vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). The vitamin K injection given to newborns helps prevent this disorder by providing them with the necessary vitamin K to ensure proper blood clotting. It is important for the mother to understand that this injection is essential for her infant's health and well-being to prevent complications related to vitamin K deficiency.
Stefan was diagnosed with secondary vesicoureteral reflux; such condition usually results from which of the following?
- A. Acidic urine
- B. Congenital defects
- C. Hydronephrosis
- D. Infection
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Secondary vesicoureteral reflux is a condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and possibly towards the kidneys due to an underlying cause. In the majority of cases, it results from an infection in the urinary tract, particularly in the bladder. The infection leads to inflammation and weakening of the valves that normally prevent urine from refluxing back towards the kidneys. This condition is more common in children but can also occur in adults. Treating the underlying infection is essential to managing secondary vesicoureteral reflux and preventing complications such as kidney damage.
The most common type of CP is :
- A. Athetoid
- B. B.Spastic
- C. Ataxic
- D. None Of The Above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type of cerebral palsy, accounting for around 70-80% of cases. Spastic CP is characterized by stiff, tight muscles that can affect movement and coordination. This type of CP is caused by damage to the motor cortex of the brain, leading to increased muscle tone and difficulty with voluntary movements. Symptoms of spastic CP can vary in severity and may affect one or multiple limbs.