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Bacteria that have been identified as frequently responsible for nonsexually transmitted infections of the reproductive system include:

  • A. Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Staphylococcus aureus
  • B. Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Serratia marcescens
  • C. Clostridium tetani, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus
  • D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Staphylococcus aureus) because they are known to commonly cause nonsexually transmitted infections of the reproductive system. Escherichia coli can cause urinary tract infections that can ascend to the reproductive system. Gardnerella vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis, a common infection of the vagina. Staphylococcus aureus can cause infections in the reproductive system through various means.

Choices B, C, and D are incorrect:
B: Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Serratia marcescens are not commonly associated with reproductive system infections.
C: Clostridium tetani and Bacillus cereus are not typically involved in reproductive system infections.
D: Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes sexually transmitted infections, Helicobacter pylori causes gastrointestinal issues, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is more

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Which of the following viruses belong to family Arenaviridae

  • A. Lassa virus
  • B. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
  • C. Rabies virus
  • D. Epstein-Bar virus
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lassa virus. The rationale is as follows:
1. Lassa virus is a member of the Arenaviridae family, known for causing Lassa fever.
2. Arenaviridae family includes viruses with a segmented genome and are transmitted through rodents.
3. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Choice B) belongs to the Bunyaviridae family, not Arenaviridae.
4. Rabies virus (Choice C) belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, not Arenaviridae.
5. Epstein-Barr virus (Choice D) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, not Arenaviridae.
In summary, Lassa virus is the correct choice as it aligns with the characteristics of the Arenaviridae family, while the other choices belong to different virus families.

Broadspectrum antibiotics can cause various complications, including intestinal candidiasis. What drug is used for treatment of this complication?

  • A. Nystatin
  • B. Griseofulvin
  • C. Undecyne
  • D. Amphotericin B
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nystatin. Nystatin is specifically used to treat intestinal candidiasis because it targets and eliminates the Candida species responsible for the infection. It is not absorbed systemically, acting only locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Griseofulvin (B) is mainly used to treat fungal skin infections, not intestinal candidiasis. Undecyne (C) is an antifungal agent used for skin infections, not for intestinal candidiasis. Amphotericin B (D) is a potent antifungal agent used for systemic fungal infections, not specifically for intestinal candidiasis.

Bacteria that require low oxygen concentrations for growth are called:

  • A. Facultative anaerobes
  • B. Obligate aerobes
  • C. Microaerophiles
  • D. Obligate anaerobes
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Microaerophiles. These bacteria grow best in environments with low oxygen levels. They require oxygen for respiration but at lower concentrations than what is present in the atmosphere. This allows them to thrive in conditions where oxygen is limited but not completely absent.

A: Facultative anaerobes can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
B: Obligate aerobes require oxygen for growth.
D: Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and typically grow in anaerobic environments.

In summary, microaerophiles are the correct choice as they specifically thrive in low oxygen environments, distinguishing them from the other options.

Patients after transplantation of allogeneic stem cells are monitored periodically for reactivation of

  • A. HAV
  • B. CMV
  • C. Rubella virus
  • D. Measles virus
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: CMV. Patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are monitored for CMV reactivation due to its potential to cause severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. CMV can lead to organ damage and even mortality in these patients. Monitoring for CMV reactivation allows for early detection and prompt intervention.

Incorrect Choices:
A: HAV - Hepatitis A virus reactivation is not commonly monitored in post-transplant patients.
C: Rubella virus - Rubella is not a common concern for reactivation in this patient population.
D: Measles virus - Measles reactivation is not typically monitored in these patients.

The cleanup of various industrial wastes by living organisms is referred to as __________.

  • A. biomining
  • B. biosynthesis
  • C. bioremediation
  • D. bioengineering
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: bioremediation. Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms to clean up environmental pollution, including industrial wastes. This method utilizes microorganisms, plants, or fungi to break down or neutralize pollutants. Biomining (A) is the process of extracting valuable metals from ores using biological organisms. Biosynthesis (B) refers to the production of complex molecules by living organisms. Bioengineering (D) involves the application of engineering principles to biological systems, not specifically related to cleaning up industrial wastes. Therefore, the most appropriate term for the cleanup of industrial wastes by living organisms is bioremediation.

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