Nokea
Before the patient receives a kidney transplant, a crossmatch test is ordered. What does a positive crossmatch indicate?
- A. Matches tissue types for a successful transplantation
- B. Determines paternity and predicts risk for certain diseases
- C. Establishes racial background and predicts risk for certain diseases
- D. Cytotoxic antibodies to the donor contraindicate transplanting this donor’s organ
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A positive crossmatch indicates the presence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies against the donor, contraindicating transplantation.
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What is the main role of neutrophils in the immune response?
- A. Producing antibodies
- B. Engulfing and destroying pathogens
- C. Activating lymphocytes
- D. Synthesizing cytokines
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neutrophils play a crucial role in the immune response by engulfing and destroying pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. This is essential for eliminating harmful invaders from the body. Neutrophils do not produce antibodies (choice A), activate lymphocytes (choice C), or synthesize cytokines (choice D), which are functions typically carried out by other immune cells like B cells and macrophages. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly aligns with the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response, which is to combat infections by destroying pathogens.
A small lesion is discovered in a patient’s lung when an x-ray is performed for cervical spine pain. What is the definitive method of determining if the lesion is malignant?
- A. Lung scan
- B. Tissue biopsy
- C. Oncofetal antigens in the blood
- D. CT or positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tissue biopsy provides definitive diagnosis by examining the lesion's cellular characteristics.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing an immune response involving B and T cells. Which type of immunity is the patient demonstrating?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral immunity. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies to target pathogens. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens. This type of immunity is specific to antigens and is a key component of the adaptive immune response. Passive immunity (A) is when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, not involving B and T cells directly. Acquired immunity (C) is a broad term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity (D) involves T cells directly targeting infected cells, not B cells producing antibodies.
During the healing phase of inflammation, which cells would be mostly likely to regenerate?
- A. Skin
- B. Neurons
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Skeletal muscle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Skin cells are highly regenerative due to their rapid turnover rate and presence of stem cells. In contrast, neurons, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle have limited regenerative capacity.
In order to grow, all microorganisms require:
- A. liquid water
- B. organic substances
- C. oxygen
- D. warm temperatures
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liquid water. Water is essential for all cellular functions, including metabolism and nutrient transport. Without water, microorganisms cannot grow or survive. Organic substances (choice B) are important as a nutrient source, but water is indispensable for growth. While oxygen (choice C) and warm temperatures (choice D) can enhance growth for some microorganisms, they are not universally required for all microorganisms to grow.